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Wu Lien-teh

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This article is about the Malayan Chinese doctor. For the editor of Liangyou magazine, see The Young Companion.

In this Chinese name, the family name is Wu.

Wu Lien-teh (Chinese: 伍連德; pinyin: Wǔ Liándé; Jyutping: Ng5 Lin4 Dak1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gó͘ Liân-tek; Goh Lean Tuck and Ng Leen Tuck in Minnan and Cantonese transliteration respectively; 10 March 1879 – 21 January 1960) was a Malayan physician renowned for his work in public health, particularly the Manchurian plague of 1910–11. He is the inventor of the Wu mask, which is the forerunner of today's N95 respirator.

Wu Lien-teh
伍連德
blue and peach photograph of Dr. Wu-Lien Teh
Portrait of Dr. Wu Lien-Teh
Born(1879-03-10)10 March 1879
Penang, Straits Settlements
Died21 January 1960(1960-01-21) (aged 80)
Penang, Federation of Malaya
Other namesGoh Lean Tuck, Ng Leen Tuck
EducationUniversity of Cambridge - Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine - Postgraduate Diploma in Bacteriology
University of Halle - Advance Diploma in Bacteriological Studies
Pasteur Institute - Master of Medicine in Infectious Diseases
University of Cambridge - Master of Medicine
University of Cambridge - Doctor of Medicine
Occupation(s)Medical Doctor, Physician, Researcher
Years active1903–1959
Known forWork on the Manchurian Plague of 1910–11
Notable workPlague Fighter: The Autobiography of a Modern Chinese Physician
Children7
Wu Lien-teh
Traditional Chinese伍連德
Simplified Chinese伍连德
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWǔ Liándé
Wade–GilesWu3 Lien2-tê2
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingNg5 Lin4 Dak1
Southern Min
Hokkien POJGó͘ Liân-tek

Wu was the first medical student of Chinese descent to study at the University of Cambridge.[1] He was also the first Malayan nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in 1935.[2]

Life and education

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Wu was born in Penang, one of the three towns of the Straits Settlements (the others being Malacca and Singapore), currently as one of the states of Malaysia. The Straits Settlements formed part of the colonies of the United Kingdom. His father was a recent immigrant from Taishan, China, and worked as a goldsmith.[3][4] Wu's mother's was of Hakka heritage and was a second-generation Peranakan born in Malaya.[5] Wu had four brothers and six sisters. His early education was at the Penang Free School, a Church of England school.[4]

Wu was admitted to Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1896,[6] after winning the Queen's Scholarship.[3] The women in his family made him a version of his college’s lion crest in Perakanan beadwork as a leaving gift.[7][8] He had a successful career at university, winning virtually all the available prizes and scholarships. His undergraduate clinical years were spent at St Mary's Hospital, London and he then continued his studies at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (under Sir Ronald Ross), the Pasteur Institute, Halle University, and the Selangor Institute.[3]

Wu returned to the Straits Settlements in 1903. Some time after that, he married Ruth Shu-chiung Huang, whose sister was married to Lim Boon Keng, a physician who promoted social and educational reforms in Singapore.[4] The sisters were daughters of Wong Nai Siong, a Chinese revolutionary leader and educator who had moved to the area from 1901 to 1906.[4]

Wu and his family moved to China in 1907.[4] During his time in China, Wu's wife and two of their three sons died.[4] While Ms Huang lived in Peking, Wu started a second family in Shanghai with Marie Lee Sukcheng, whom he had met in Manchuria.[1] Wu had four children with Lee.

During the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, in November 1931, Wu was detained and interrogated by the Japanese authorities under suspicion of being a Chinese spy.[4]

In 1937, during the Japanese occupation of much of China and the retreat of the Nationalists, Wu was forced to flee, returning to the Settlements to live in Ipoh. His home and all his ancient Chinese medical books were burnt.[9][4]

In 1943 Wu was captured by Malayan left-wing resistance fighters and held for ransom. Then he nearly was prosecuted by the Japanese for supporting the resistance movement by paying the ransom, but was protected by having treated a Japanese officer.[4]

Career

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In September 1903, Wu joined the Institute for Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur as the first research student. However, there was no specialist post for him because, at that time, a two-tier medical system in the British colonies provided that only British nationals could hold the highest positions of fully qualified medical officers or specialists. Wu spent his early medical career researching beri-beri and roundworms (Ascarididae) before entering private practice toward the end of 1904 in Chulia Street, George Town, Penang.[5]

Opium

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Wu was a vocal commentator on the social issues of the time. In the early 1900s, he became friends with Lim Boon Keng and Song Ong Siang, a lawyer who was active in developing Singapore's civil society. He joined them in editing The Straits Chinese Magazine.[4] With his friends, Wu founded the Anti-Opium Association in Penang. He organised a nationwide anti-opium conference in the spring of 1906 that was attended by approximately 3000 people.[10][4] This attracted the attention of the powerful forces involved in the lucrative trade of opium and, in 1907, this led to a search and subsequent discovery of one ounce of tincture of opium in Wu's dispensary, for which he was convicted and fined.[4]

In 1908, Dr Wu accepted the then Grand Councillor Yuan Shikai's offer to become the Vice Director of the Imperial Army Medical College, now known as the Army Medical College, based in Tianjin, in 1908. This was established to train doctors for the Chinese Army.[3]

Pneumonic plague

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In the winter of 1910, Wu was given instructions from the Foreign Office of the Imperial Qing court[11] in Peking, to travel to Harbin to investigate an unknown disease that killed 99.9% of its victims.[12] This was the beginning of the large pneumonic plague epidemic of Manchuria and Mongolia, which ultimately claimed 60,000 lives.[13]

Wu was able to conduct a postmortem (usually not accepted in China at the time) on a Japanese woman who had died of the plague.[4][14] Having ascertained via the autopsy that the plague was spreading by air, Wu developed surgical masks into more substantial masks with layers of gauze and cotton to filter the air.[15][16] Gérald Mesny, a prominent French doctor who had come to replace Wu, refused to wear a mask and died days later of the plague.[14][15][4] The mask was widely produced, with Wu overseeing the production and distribution of 60,000 masks in a later epidemic, and it featured in many press images.[17][15]

Wu initiated a quarantine, arranged for buildings to be disinfected, and the old plague hospital to be burned down and replaced.[4] The measure that Wu is best remembered for was in asking for imperial sanction to cremate plague victims.[4] It was impossible to bury the dead because the ground was frozen, and the bodies could only be disposed of by soaking them in paraffin and burning them on pyres.[3] Cremation of these infected victims turned out to be the turning point of the epidemic; days after cremations began, plague began to decline and within months it had been eradicated.[18]

Wu chaired the International Plague Conference in Mukden (Shenyang) in April 1911, a historic event attended by scientists from the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, the Netherlands, Russia, Mexico, and China.[19][20] The conference took place over three weeks and featured demonstrations and experiments.

Wu later presented a plague research paper at the International Congress of Medicine, London in August 1911 which was published in The Lancet in the same month.

At the plague conference, epidemiologists Danylo Zabolotny and Anna Tchourilina announced that they had traced the initial cause of the outbreak to Tarbagan marmot hunters who had contracted the disease from the animals. A tarabagan became the conference mascot.[19] However, Wu raised the question of why traditional marmot hunters had not experienced deadly epidemics before. He later published a work arguing that the traditional Mongol and Buryat hunters had established practices that kept their communities safe and he blamed more recent Shandong immigrants to the area (Chuang Guandong) for using hunting methods that captured more sick animals and increased risk of exposure.[21]

Later career

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Group photo of Messrs. Jan van L., Dr. Wu Lien Teh and Professor De Langen, Tandjong Priok, Batavia, c. 1928

In 1912, Wu became the first director of the Manchurian Plague Service. He was a founder member and first president of the Chinese Medical Association (1916–1920).[3][22]

Wu led the efforts to combat the 1920-21 cholera pandemic in the north-east of China.[4]

In 1929, he was appointed a trustee of the 'Nanyang Club' in Penang by Cheah Cheang Lim, along with Wu Lai Hsi, Robert Lim Kho Seng, and Lim Chong Eang. The 'Nanyang Club', an old house in Beiping, China, provided convenient accommodation to overseas Chinese friends.[10]

In the 1930s he became the first director of the National Quarantine Service.[3]

Around 1939, Wu moved back to Malaya and continued to work as a general practitioner in Ipoh.[4]

Wu collected donations to start the Perak Library (Now the Tun Razak Library) in Ipoh, a free-lending public library, and donated to Shanghai City Library and the University of Hong Kong.[4]

Wu was a mandarin of the second rank[clarification needed] and sat on advisory committees for the League of Nations. He was given awards by the Czar of Russia and the President of France, and was awarded honorary degrees by Johns Hopkins University, Peking University, University of Hong Kong, and University of Tokyo.[3][4]

Death and commemoration

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Wu practised medicine until his death at the age of 80. He had bought a new house in Penang for his retirement and had just completed his 667-page autobiography, Plague Fighter, the Autobiography of a Modern Chinese Physician.[12] On 21 January 1960, he died of a stroke while in his home in Penang.[5]

A road named after Wu can be found in Ipoh Garden South, a middle-class residential area in Ipoh. In Penang, a residential area named Taman Wu Lien Teh is located near the Penang Free School.[23] In that school, his alma mater, a house has been named after him. There is a Dr. Wu Lien-teh Society, Penang.[24][25]

The Wu Lien-teh Collection, which comprises 20,000 books, was given by Wu to the Nanyang University, which later became part of the National University of Singapore.[5]

The Art Museum of the University of Malaya has a collection of Wu's paintings.[4]

In 1995, Wu's daughter, Dr. Yu-lin Wu, published a book about her father, Memories of Dr. Wu Lien-teh, Plague Fighter.[26]

In 2015, the Wu Lien-Teh Institute opened at Harbin Medical University.[14] In 2019, The Lancet launched an annual Wakley-Wu Lien Teh Prize in honour of Wu and the publication's founding editor, Thomas Wakley.[27]

Dr. Wu Lien-teh is regarded as the first person to modernise China's medical services and medical education. In Harbin Medical University, bronze statues of him commemorate his contributions to public health, preventive medicine, and medical education.[28]

Places named after Wu Lien-Teh

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Commemoration during the COVID-19 pandemic

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Wu's work in the field of epidemiology had contemporary relevance during the COVID-19 pandemic.[15][25][29]

In May 2020, Dr. Yvonne Ho united the 22 known "medical and scientific descendants" of Dr. Wu Lien-Teh for a video conference meeting spanning 14 cities around the world.[30][31] In July 2020, some of these medical and scientific descendants collaborated to publish an article to memorialize Dr. Wu's lifetime work in public health.[32] In August 2020, a second group of Wu's medical and scientific descendants collaborated on a similar piece.[33]

In March 2021, Wu was honoured with a Google Doodle, depicting Wu assembling surgical masks and distributing them to reduce the risk of disease transmission.[34][35][36]

References

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  1. ^ a b Wu, Lien-teh (1959). Plague fighter: the autobiography of a modern Chinese physician. Cambridge, England: W. Heffer.
  2. ^ Wu, Lien-Teh (April 2020). "The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–1953".
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Obituary: Wu Lien-Teh". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 7119. 275 (7119): 341. 6 February 1960. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(60)90277-4. ISSN 0140-6736.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Lee, Kam Hing; Wong, Danny Tze-ken; Ho, Tak Ming; Ng, Kwan Hoong (2014). "Dr Wu Lien-teh: Modernising post-1911 China's public health service". Singapore Medical Journal. 55 (2): 99–102. doi:10.11622/smedj.2014025. PMC 4291938. PMID 24570319.
  5. ^ a b c d "Wu Lien Teh 伍连徳 – Resource Guides". National Library Singapore. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  6. ^ "Tuck, Gnoh Lean (Wu Lien-Teh) (TK896GL)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  7. ^ Cheah, Hwei-Fe'n (2017). Nyonya needlework : embroidery and beadwork in the Peranakan world. Alan Chong, Richard Lingner, Asian Civilisations Museum. Singapore. ISBN 978-981-11-0852-5. OCLC 982478298.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ "anna dumont twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  9. ^ W.C.W.N. (20 February 1960). "Obituary: Dr Wu Lien-Teh". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 7121. 275 (7121): 444. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(60)90379-2. ISSN 0140-6736.
  10. ^ a b Cooray, Francis; Nasution Khoo Salma. Redoutable Reformer: The Life and Times of Cheah Cheang Lim. Areca Books, 2015. ISBN 9789675719202
  11. ^ "The Chinese Doctor Who Beat the Plague". China Channel. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  12. ^ a b "Obituary: WU LIEN-TEH, M.D., Sc.D., Litt.D., LL.D., M.P.H". Br Med J. 1 (5170): 429–430. 6 February 1960. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5170.429-f. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1966655.
  13. ^ Flohr, Carsten (1996). "The Plague Fighter: Wu Lien-teh and the beginning of the Chinese public health system". Annals of Science. 53 (4): 361–380. doi:10.1080/00033799608560822. ISSN 0003-3790. PMID 11613294.
  14. ^ a b c Ma, Zhongliang; Li, Yanli (2016). "Dr. Wu Lien Teh, plague fighter and father of the Chinese public health system". Protein & Cell. 7 (3): 157–158. doi:10.1007/s13238-015-0238-1. ISSN 1674-800X. PMC 4791421. PMID 26825808.
  15. ^ a b c d Wilson, Mark (24 March 2020). "The untold origin story of the N95 mask". Fast Company. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  16. ^ Wu Lien-te; World Health Organization (1926). A Treatise on Pneumonic Plague. Berger-Levrault.
  17. ^ Lynteris, Christos (18 August 2018). "Plague Masks: The Visual Emergence of Anti-Epidemic Personal Protection Equipment". Medical Anthropology. 37 (6): 442–457. doi:10.1080/01459740.2017.1423072. hdl:10023/16472. ISSN 0145-9740. PMID 30427733.
  18. ^ Mates, Lewis H. (29 April 2016). Encyclopedia of Cremation. Routledge. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-1-317-14383-3.
  19. ^ a b Summers, William C. (11 December 2012). The Great Manchurian Plague of 1910-1911: The Geopolitics of an Epidemic Disease. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18476-1.
  20. ^ "Inaugural address delivered at the opening of the International Plague Conference, Mukden, April 4th, 1911". Wellcome Collection. 1911. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  21. ^ Lynteris, Christos (1 September 2013). "Skilled Natives, Inept Coolies: Marmot Hunting and the Great Manchurian Pneumonic Plague (1910–1911)". History and Anthropology. 24 (3): 303–321. doi:10.1080/02757206.2012.697063. ISSN 0275-7206. S2CID 145299676.
  22. ^ Courtney, Chris (2018), "The Nature of Disaster in China: The 1931 Central China Flood", Cambridge University Press [ISBN 978-1-108-41777-8]
  23. ^ Article in Chinese. "Picture of "Taman Wu Lien Teh"". Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  24. ^ "The Dr. Wu Lien-Teh Society, Penang 槟城伍连徳学会 | Celebrating the life of the man who brought modern medicine to China, who fought the Manchurian plague, and who set the standard for generations of doctors to follow. 伍连德博士 : 斗疫防治，推进医学 , 歌颂国士无双". Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  25. ^ a b Wai, Wong Chun (11 February 2020). "Wu Lien-Teh: Malaysia's little-known plague virus fighter". The Star Online. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  26. ^ Wu, Yu-lin (1995). Memories of Dr. Wu Lien-teh, Plague Fighter. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-2287-1.
  27. ^ Wang, Helena Hui; Lau, Esther; Horton, Richard; Jiang, Baoguo (6 July 2019). "The Wakley–Wu Lien Teh Prize Essay 2019: telling the stories of Chinese doctors". The Lancet. 394 (10192): 11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31517-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 31282345. S2CID 205990913.
  28. ^ Article in Chinese. "130th memorial of Dr. Wu Lien-the". Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  29. ^ Toh, Han Shih (1 February 2020). "Lessons from Chinese Malaysian plague fighter for Wuhan virus". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  30. ^ "Home". DrYvonneHo.com.
  31. ^ "Home". DrWuLienTeh.com.
  32. ^ Liu, Ling Woo (18 July 2020). "The Good Doctor". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  33. ^ Ho, Yvonne (30 August 2020). "The Good Doctor from Penang". The Star. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  34. ^ Musil, Steven (9 March 2021). "Google Doodle celebrates Dr. Wu Lien-teh, surgical mask pioneer". CNET. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  35. ^ Sam Wong (10 March 2021). "Dr Wu Lien-teh: Face mask pioneer who helped defeat a plague epidemic". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  36. ^ Phoebe Zhang (11 March 2021). "Google honours Chinese-Malaysian face mask pioneer Doctor Wu Lien-teh, whose surgical face covering is seen as origin of N95". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.

Further reading

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