Khalkatapatna was a sea port in what is now the state of Odisha on the eastern seaboard of India. The site is on the north bank of the Kushabhadra River. It was a port town during the Eastern Ganga dynasty during 12th and 15th centuries CE.[1][2] Khalkatapatna was a link in the riverine and maritime navigation of Odisha and was important port in trade with Arabian countries in the west and Indonesia and China in the east.[3]
Excavations edit
Excavations have been carried out at the site between 1984–85 and 1994–95.[4] The excavations found a brick jelly floor that may have been used as a loading and unloading platform. Artifacts include two circular Chinese copper coins with square holes in the center from the 14th century AD, Chinese celadon ware and porcelain and glazed chocolate ware of Arabian origin.[5]
The site also held wheel-turned bowls, basins, vases and miniature pots, and jewelry made of terracotta, glass and copper.[2] The archaeological excavations shed light that the Kushabhadra river was navigable at the time, and may have been used for transportation of blocks of stone for use in the construction of the Konark Sun Temple built by King Narasimhadeva I (1236–1264 AD).[6]
Decline edit
Satellite images of the region and the river course have shown that the river Kushabhadra had migrated heavily to and fro with respect to the oceanographic processes and in response to the intensity of the natural disasters which led to coastal erosion and shoreline changes whose effects were seen on the archaeological remains. The changing trend of the course of the river and river mouth spatially also gives a clue that the rapid shift of the river mouth and the associated shoaling and erosion on the other side were also responsible for the decline of the port.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b Tripathi, Sila (25 July 2015), "Khalkattapatna port: the lost archaeological heritage of Odisha, east coast of India", Current Science, 109 (2), Current Science Association: 372–377, JSTOR 24905868
- ^ a b Sila Tripati. "Management of Ports and Maritime Trade of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh during the Historical Period" (PDF). Man Environ., vol.34(2); 2009; 77–90. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ D.P. Agrawal and Lalit Tiwari. "Review: Maritime Heritage of India. K.S. Behera (Ed.) 1999". Infinity Foundation. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ "Excavations – Since Independence – Orissa". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ Patra, Benudhar (2013), "Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 74, Indian History Congress: 55–56, JSTOR 44158798
- ^ DR. BENUDHAR PATRA. "Antiquity of Arkakshetra Konark". Sampradaya Sun. Retrieved 25 November 2010.