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Károly Mária Kertbeny (born Karl Maria Benkert; 28 February 1824 – 23 January 1882) was a Hungarian journalist, translator, memoirist and human rights campaigner. Kertbeny coined the words heterosexual and homosexual as the German nouns Heterosexual and Homosexual.[1]
Károly Mária Kertbeny | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Karl Maria Kertbeny, ca. 1865 | |
| Born | Karl Maria Benkert 28 February 1824 |
| Died | 23 January 1882 (aged 57) |
| Known for | Campaigning for gay rights, coining the terms homosexual and heterosexual (as the German nouns Homosexual and Heterosexual) |
He translated works by Hungarian poets and writers Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and Mór Jókai into German. Among his acquaintances were Heinrich Heine, George Sand, Alfred de Musset, Hans Christian Andersen, Karl Marx,[2] and the Brothers Grimm.
Early life
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Karl Maria Benkert was born in Vienna to Hungarian parents on 28 February 1824. He moved with his family to Budapest when he was a child and was equally fluent in German and Hungarian. After a stint in the Hungarian army, Benkert made a living as a journalist and travel writer and wrote at least twenty-five books on various subjects.
Career
editBenkert left Hungary and was determined to become an advocate on behalf of Hungarian culture. He, therefore, arranged for his legal name to take the Hungarian form under which he lived and published for most of his life. Final approval on 22 February 1848 made him Kertbeny Károly Mária or, in the standard way of rendering a Hungarian name in other European languages, Károly Mária Kertbeny.[1]
He made a variety of contacts in his travels. He was Charles Baudelaire's only personal Austro-Hungarian contact.[3]
In his fiction, quite apart from his political advocacy, Kertbeny included homosexual characters in several works, including Erinnerungen an Charles Sealsfield, Spiegelbilder der Erinnerung and the short story "Im Walde".[4]
Writings on sexuality
editHe settled in Berlin in 1868, when he was still unmarried at 44. Kertbeny claimed in his writings to be "normally sexed". However, his diaries list a self-censored string of encounters with youths and men ("young barber lad"; "very much in love with the lad"; "I have done it"), and recurring fear following the arrest of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs with whom he corresponded ("Awful days!.... Horrible nightmares. I have burnt all the dangerous letters"), which suggest he was secretly homosexual.[1]
He explained his interest in sexual minorities as his "instinctive drive to take issue with every injustice". He cited as a formative experience from his teenage years the suicide of a co-worker who was being blackmailed and threatened with exposure as a homosexual.
In 1869, he published two anonymous pamphlets.[a] He argued that the Prussian sodomy law, Paragraph 143, which later became Paragraph 175 of the penal code of the German Empire,[5] violated the "rights of man". He advanced the classic liberal argument that consensual sexual acts in private should not be subject to criminal law. He contended that the Prussian law allowed blackmailers to extort money from homosexuals and often drove them to suicide.
Whether sexual preference was innate was called by Kertbeny "a very interesting riddle of nature" that was best excluded from arguments for the decriminalization of sexual practices. Instead, he considered the right of a government to intervene in private matters. He wrote:[1]
We should convince our opponents that exactly according to their legal notions they do not have anything to do with this inclination, let it be innate or voluntary, because the state does not have the right to intervene in what is happening between two consenting people aged over 14, excluding publicity [in private], not hurting the rights of any third party.
On the other hand, he repeatedly described one's sexual drive as "innate and unchanging". That contradicted the dominant view up to that time of men committing "sodomy" out of mere wickedness. Gay men, he said, were not by nature effeminate, and he pointed out that many of the great heroes of history were gay. With Heinrich Hössli and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, he was among the first writers to put those now-familiar arguments before the public.
In a letter written on 6 May 1868, Kertbeny published, in German the terms homosexual and heterosexual[6] as part of his system for defining sexual types to replace the pejorative terms sodomite and pederast, which were used in the German- and French-speaking world of his time. In addition, he called those who masturbate monosexualists, practitioners of anal intercourse pygists, those who have sex with animals heterogenists, and a man who prefers women sexually normalsexuals (English: normosexual),[7] term of which he used to describe himself.[8] The concept of bisexuality was named as Doppelsexualität (English: double sexuality).[9][10]
He also used German terms that did not influence his contemporaries but suggest how he was considering terms that did not rely on classical languages, including die Gleichegeschlechtlichen ("those of the same sex") and der Gleichegeschlechtlicher Akt ("the same-sex act").[4]
Kertbeny made no further contribution to the debates about homosexuality or its legal status or origins. In 1880, he offered a chapter on homosexuality for Gustav Jäger to include in his book Discovery of the Soul, but Jäger's publisher decided that it was too controversial and omitted it. Jäger nevertheless used Kertbeny's terminology elsewhere in the book.[11][b]
Death
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Kertbeny died in Budapest on 23 January 1882 at the age of 58. József Komócsy (1836–1894) eulogized him: "He devoted his life to serving his country, even when he was living abroad. He publicised our glory there amongst foreign peoples. His first literary activities were received with mockery, but he did not give up and he brought light to Hungarian literature for foreign people".[12]
The Hungarian writer and literary historian Lajos Hatvany has described him in these terms: "This moody, fluttering, imperfect writer is one of the best and undeservedly forgotten Hungarian memoir writers".[citation needed] He also said: "He was born effeminately sensitive, soft, believing, fair, open minded and enthusiastic for beauty. He loved to love, and loved to be loved. He loved only the beautiful and he wanted the love of the best. Mária! - An old, vain, swindling, naughty, clownish, thick skinned, envious, literary adventurer became of him: Károly, poor, Károly!"[12]
Kertbeny's gravesite, which was identified in 2001, is located in Budapest's Kerepesi Cemetery, which is the final resting place of numerous prominent Hungarians of the 19th and the 20th centuries. The gay community set a new tombstone on it, and since 2002, a wreath is placed at his grave as part of Hungarian gay festivals.
Notes
edit- ^ Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code of 14 April 1851 and Its Reaffirmation as Paragraph 152 in the Proposed Penal Code for the North German Confederation. An Open and Professional Correspondence to His Excellency Dr. Adolph Leonhardt, Royal Prussian Minister of Justice.
- ^ The German sex researcher Richard von Krafft-Ebing, in his Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), borrowed the terms homosexual and heterosexual from Jäger's book. Krafft-Ebing's work was so influential that they became the standard terms for differences in sexual orientation and superseded Ulrichs's word, Urning.
References
edit- ^ a b c d Takács, Judit (2004). "The Double Life of Kertbeny". In G. Hekma (ed.). Past and Present of Radical Sexual Politics (PDF). Amsterdam: UvA – Mosse Foundation. pp. 26–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2010-05-16 – via policy.hu.
- ^ "Fremdling in der Muttersprache". Wien Museum Magazine. Archived from the original on 2024-08-09. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
- ^ Józan, Ildikó (2017). "Baudelaire En Hongrie". L'Année Baudelaire. 21: 104. JSTOR 45073694.
- ^ a b Bullough, Vern L. (1989). "The Physician and Research into Human Sexual Behavior in Nineteenth-Century Germany". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 63 (2): 247–67, esp. 257. JSTOR 44451381.
- ^ Beachy, Robert (2010). "The German Invention of Homosexuality". The Journal of Modern History. 82 (4): 807. doi:10.1086/656077. JSTOR 10.1086/656077. S2CID 142605226.
- ^ "1868, May 6: Karl Maria Kertbeny: "Homosexual," "Heterosexual"". OutHistory. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- ^ Mottier, Véronique (2012), Grange Omokaro, Françoise; Reysoo, Fenneke (eds.), "The invention of sexuality", Chic, chèque, choc : Transactions autour des corps et stratégies amoureuses contemporaines, Genre et développement. Rencontres, Genève: Graduate Institute Publications, pp. 23–38, ISBN 978-2-940503-84-1, retrieved 2024-10-19
- ^ Santos, Daniel Barbosa dos (2009-08-20). "Cultura política homoerótica entre Grécia Antiga e a (pós) modernidade: cientificismo, literatura e historiografia" (PDF). Repositório Institucional da UFMG.
- ^ Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume II. Routledge. p. 1340. ISBN 978-1-317-36812-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Nicholls, Catherine Therese (2012). "Rauschhafte Metamorphosen: das weibliche Subjekt in Yoko Tawadas "Das Bad" und "Opium für Ovid"" (PDF). unipub UB Graz (in German). Uni Graz.
- ^ Myren-Svelstad, Per Esben (2017). "Tantalizing Idylls: Nature and Unattainable Pleasures in Gay and Lesbian Literature". Scandinavian Studies. 89 (3): 327n. doi:10.5406/scanstud.89.3.0326. hdl:11250/2488490. JSTOR 10.5406/scanstud.89.3.0326. S2CID 165783482.
- ^ a b Takács, Judit. "Speech inaugurating a new tombstone for Károly Kertbeny (1824-1882)". Archived from the original on 15 October 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- Additional sources
- Robert D. Tobin (2005). "Kertbeny's 'Homosexuality' and the Language of Nationalism". In Margaret Sönser Breen; Fiona Peters (eds.). Genealogies of Identity: Interdisciplinary Readings on Sex and Sexuality. Rodopi. pp. 3–18. ISBN 9042017589.
External links
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- Burroway, Jim (6 May 2008). "Today in History: The Love that Dares not Speak its Name Gets a Name". Box Turtle Bulletin. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017.