Kareniaceae is a accepted marine family of relatively small, toxic, unarmored dinoflagellates belonging to the order Gymnodiniales.[1][2] Species in the Kareniaceae clade often times cause discolored green Harmful algea blooms (HABs) that pose a safety and health risk to humans (H. sapiens) and the regions around it. Such blooms also pose a risk to coastal aquaculture worldwide, especially places like France, Atlantic ocean, the English channel and the Mediterranean sea.[3][4]
| Kareniaceae | |
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| Anatomy of Karenia brevis | |
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| Karenia brevis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Myzozoa |
| Superclass: | Dinoflagellata |
| Class: | Dinophyceae |
| Order: | Gymnodiniales |
| Family: | Kareniaceae |
Species in this family produces Neurotoxins like Brevetoxin which causes Human Shellfish Poisoning (HSP), respiratory effects and mass fish death.[5]
Genera[6] edit
- Asterodinium Sournia
- Brachidinium Sournia
- Gertia K.Takahashi et Iwataki
- Karenia G.Hansen et Moestrup
- Karlodinium Larsen
- Shimiella Ok, Jeong, Lee et Noh
- Takayama G.Hansen et Moestrup
References edit
- ^ "Taxonomy Browser :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Kareniaceae". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
- ^ Zhang, Weiqian; Zhang, Qingchun; Smith, Kirsty F.; Qiu, Limei; Liu, Chao; Yin, Xiaoting; Liu, Qing (2022). "Development of Specific DNA Barcodes for the Dinophyceae Family Kareniaceae and Their Application in the South China Sea". Frontiers in Marine Science. 9. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.851605. ISSN 2296-7745.
- ^ Nézan, Elisabeth; Siano, Raffaele; Boulben, Sylviane; Six, Christophe; Bilien, Gwenael; Chèze, Karine; Duval, Audrey; Le Panse, Sophie; Quéré, Julien; Chomérat, Nicolas (2014-12-01). "Genetic diversity of the harmful family Kareniaceae (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in France, with the description of Karlodinium gentienii sp. nov.: A new potentially toxic dinoflagellate" (PDF). Harmful Algae. 40: 75–91. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.006. ISSN 1568-9883.
- ^ "Karenia – Harmful Algal Blooms". Retrieved 2023-11-09.
- ^ Iwataki, Mitsunori; Lum, Wai Mun; Kuwata, Koyo; Takahashi, Kazuya; Arima, Daichi; Kuribayashi, Takanori; Kosaka, Yuki; Hasegawa, Natsuki; Watanabe, Tsuyoshi; Shikata, Tomoyuki; Isada, Tomonori; Orlova, Tatiana Yu.; Sakamoto, Setsuko (2022). "Morphological variation and phylogeny of Karenia selliformis (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in an intensive cold-water algal bloom in eastern Hokkaido, Japan". Harmful Algae. 114. Elsevier BV: 102204. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2022.102204. ISSN 1568-9883. PMID 35550287.