In geometry, Jung's theorem is an inequality between the diameter of a set of points in any Euclidean space and the radius of the minimum enclosing ball of that set. It is named after Heinrich Jung, who first studied this inequality in 1901. Algorithms also exist to solve the smallest-circle problem explicitly.

Statement

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Consider a compact set

 

and let

 

be the diameter of K, that is, the largest Euclidean distance between any two of its points. Jung's theorem states that there exists a closed ball with radius

 

that contains K. The boundary case of equality is attained by the regular n-simplex.

Jung's theorem in the plane

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The most common case of Jung's theorem is in the plane, that is, when n = 2. In this case the theorem states that there exists a circle enclosing all points whose radius satisfies

 

and this bound is as tight as possible since when K is an equilateral triangle (or its three vertices) one has  

General metric spaces

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For any bounded set   in any metric space,  . The first inequality is implied by the triangle inequality for the center of the ball and the two diametral points, and the second inequality follows since a ball of radius   centered at any point of   will contain all of  . Both these inequalities are tight:

  • In a uniform metric space, that is, a space in which all distances are equal,  .
  • At the other end of the spectrum, in an injective metric space such as the Manhattan distance in the plane,  : any two closed balls of radius   centered at points of   have a non-empty intersection, therefore all such balls have a common intersection, and a radius   ball centered at a point of this intersection contains all of  .

Versions of Jung's theorem for various non-Euclidean geometries are also known (see e.g. Dekster 1995, 1997).

References

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  • Katz, M. (1985). "Jung's theorem in complex projective geometry". Quart. J. Math. Oxford. 36 (4): 451–466. doi:10.1093/qmath/36.4.451.
  • Dekster, B. V. (1995). "The Jung theorem for the spherical and hyperbolic spaces". Acta Mathematica Hungarica. 67 (4): 315–331. doi:10.1007/BF01874495.
  • Dekster, B. V. (1997). "The Jung theorem in metric spaces of curvature bounded above". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 125 (8): 2425–2433. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-97-03842-2.
  • Jung, Heinrich (1901). "Über die kleinste Kugel, die eine räumliche Figur einschließt". J. Reine Angew. Math. (in German). 123: 241–257.
  • Jung, Heinrich (1910). "Über den kleinsten Kreis, der eine ebene Figur einschließt". J. Reine Angew. Math. (in German). 137: 310–313.
  • Rademacher, Hans; Toeplitz, Otto (1990). The Enjoyment of Mathematics. Dover. chapter 16. ISBN 978-0-486-26242-0.
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