John Brown Baldwin (January 11, 1820 – September 30, 1873) was a Virginia lawyer and Democratic politician, who served one term in Virginia House of Delegates before the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861, during which he was a Unionist. During the American Civil War, Baldwin believed his primary loyalty was to his state, and served as one of Virginia's representatives to the First and Second Confederate Congresses. He became one of the leading critics of President Jefferson Davis, who was seen by many as usurping the Confederacy's states' rights principles. During Congressional Reconstruction, Baldwin became Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates.[1][2]

John Brown Baldwin
Baldwin (c. 1860s–1870s)
Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Augusta County, Virginia
In office
December 1, 1845 – December 6, 1846
Serving with Nathaniel Massie
Preceded byJohn G. Fulton
Succeeded byHugh W. Sheffey
Member of the Confederate House of Representatives from Virginia
In office
February 1862 – March, 1865
Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Augusta County, Virginia
In office
December 4, 1865 – October 4, 1869
Preceded byHugh W. Sheffey
Succeeded byH.M. Bell
Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates from Staunton, Virginia
In office
December 4, 1865 – 1869
Preceded byHugh W. Sheffey
Succeeded byZephaniah Turner Jr.
Personal details
Born(1820-01-11)11 January 1820
Staunton, Virginia
Died30 September 1873(1873-09-30) (aged 53)
Staunton, Virginia
Resting placeThornrose Cemetery, Staunton, Virginia
NationalityAmerican
Political partyDemocratic
Other political
affiliations
Conservative Party of Virginia
SpouseSusan Madison Peyton
Parent
ResidenceRichmond, Virginia
EducationStaunton Academy
Alma materUniversity of Virginia
Known forUnionist, Delegate to Virginia's Secession Convention

Early and family life

edit

Baldwin was born on January 11, 1820, at Spring Farm near Staunton, Virginia, to Virginia delegate and future Court of Appeals judge Briscoe Gerald Baldwin and his wife Martha Steele Brown Baldwin. He had three sisters—Frances Cornelia Baldwin Stuart (1815-1885), Mary Eleanor Baldwin Ranson (1817-1880) and Margaret E. Baldwin Stuart (1823-1844), as well as a brother, Briscoe Gerard Baldwin Jr. (1828-1898). J.B. Baldwin graduated from Staunton Academy and then the University of Virginia in 1838. He was a member of the college's Board of Visitors from 1856–64.[3]

He married Susan Madison Peyton, daughter of lawyer John Howe Peyton, on July 4, 1852, and after her death married Ann Lewis.

Career

edit

Baldwin read law under his father (who was elected to the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals in 1842), then joined the law practice of his brother-in-law Alexander H. H. Stuart, although Baldwin ultimately established his own solo practice after becoming politically active.

Prewar politics

edit

At age 24, he substituted for his Whig law partner Alexander H.H. Stuart during a debate before the 1844 election. During the next election, local Augusta County voters elected Baldwin to the Virginia House of Delegates (a part time position), and he served from 1845-1846, but was defeated by Whig Hugh W. Sheffey after one term, and resumed his law practice full time (although remaining politically active).

In 1859, Baldwin narrowly missed election to the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, William J. Robertson of Charlottesville being elected instead by the legislators. During the Presidential Election of 1860, Baldwin canvassed for John Bell, the Constitutional Unionist candidate, who won in Virginia but drew far fewer electoral college votes than either Republican Abraham Lincoln or Democrat Stephen A. Douglas.

Augusta County voters elected Baldwin, his brother in law, law partner and fellow Unionist Alexander H.H. Stuart and Unionist Democrat George Baylor to the Virginia Secession Convention, which began on February 13, 1861. On March 21, Baldwin began a pro-Union speech which lasted three days. On April 4, 1861, Baldwin represented the Convention's Unionist leadership at a secret one-hour interview with President Abraham Lincoln at the White House. He went to Washington hopeful that an agreement might be reached that would preserve the peace and hold Virginia in the Union. However, he returned to Richmond empty-handed, after finding that he and Lincoln had talked past each other.[4] President Lincoln also separately met with another Unionist, John Minor Botts, who later blamed Baldwin for failing to publicize Lincoln's peace offer.[5] The Unionists had temporarily managed to avoid secession while Baldwin met with Lincoln, but their majority collapsed shortly after his return to Richmond.[6]

Confederate service

edit

When the Convention decided upon secession, Baldwin's loyalty remained with his home state. He initially served as a militia colonel and inspector general of Virginia State Troops, accepting a commission on April 23, 1861. Initially a colonel of the 52nd Virginia Infantry, Baldwin resigned on May 1, 1862, because of ill health, becoming instead colonel of the Augusta Reserves regiment.[7]

By year's end, Baldwin was elected as a representative from Augusta County, to the First Confederate Congress. He was later elected to the Second Confederate Congress (defeating incumbent Governor John Letcher) and served until the conclusion of the Civil War. He became one of Confederate President Jefferson Davis's most vocal critics.[8]

Postwar

edit

Following the war, Baldwin returned home and resumed his legal practice. After giving his loyalty oath to the federal government, he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates under the post-war military provost in 1865-1867. On February 10, 1866, Baldwin testified before the Joint Committee on Reconstruction that Virginians would limit political rights granted to African Americans, which helped prompt Congressional Reconstruction.[9] After Virginia's readmission to the Union, Baldwin continued representing Augusta County in the General Assembly. Fellow delegates chose him as their Speaker, and he served as such from 1865-1869.[10] In this capacity, he drafted the procedural rules still in use in Virginia, known as "Baldwin's Rules."[11]

When the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 proposed to restrict former Confederates from holding further offices, which went beyond the terms of surrender at Appomattox Court House and caused considerable controversy within the Commonwealth, Baldwin joined with his brother-in-law Alexander H. H. Stuart and the Committee of Nine and met with General Ulysses S. Grant. Newly elected President Grant also met with provisional governor Henry H. Wells and businessmen Gilbert C. Walker and Franklin Stearns, then gave General (Secretary of War) John M. Schofield (and his successor General Canby) orders to allow separate votes on those two controversial provisions (each of which lost) and the new state Constitution without them (that passed overwhelmingly).

Death and legacy

edit

Baldwin died on September 30, 1873, after a brief illness, survived by wife Susan, his sisters Frances Cornelia Baldwin Stuart and Mary Eleanor Baldwin Ranson, and brother Briscoe Gerald Baldwin. Staunton's businesses closed on the day of his funeral and all the city's church bells tolled (although not a member of any church, Baldwin considered himself Christian).[12] He was buried in Staunton's historic Thornrose Cemetery (within the Newtown Historic District).[13]

References

edit
  1. ^ "Baldwin, John Brown (1820–1873) – Encyclopedia Virginia".
  2. ^ Cynthia Miller Leonard, Virginia's General Assembly 1619-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978) pp. xv, xxx, 416, 474, 500
  3. ^ J. Lewis Peyton, History of Augusta County, Virginia (Harrisonburg 1985 including Charles R. Carter's revisedindex) p. 379
  4. ^ Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 301-6.
  5. ^ "Education from LVA: John Botts". Archived from the original on 2016-04-20.
  6. ^ "Baldwin, John Brown (1820–1873) – Encyclopedia Virginia".
  7. ^ "Valley of the Shadow: John B. Baldwin".
  8. ^ "Baldwin, John Brown (1820–1873) – Encyclopedia Virginia".
  9. ^ encyclopedia virginia article
  10. ^ Jamerson, Bruce F., Clerk of the House of Delegates, supervising (2007). Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1776-2007. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia House of Delegates.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Baldwin, John Brown (1820–1873) – Encyclopedia Virginia".
  12. ^ Augusta County history p. 385
  13. ^ "John Brown Baldwin (1820-1873) - Find a Grave".
edit
Political offices
Preceded by Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates
1865-1869
Succeeded by