Sabanê language

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VS:verbal suffix

The Sabanê language is one of the three major groups of languages spoken in the Nambikwara family. The groups of people who speak this language were located in the extreme north of the Nambikwara territory in the Rondônia and Mato Grosso states of western Brazil, between the Tenente Marques River and Juruena River.[2] Today, most members of the group are found in the Pyreneus de Souza Indigenous Territory in the state of Rondonia.[2]

Sabanê
Native toBrazil
RegionRondônia
Ethnicity40 (2007)[1]
Native speakers
3 (2004)[1]
Nambikwaran
  • Sabanê
Language codes
ISO 639-3sae
Glottologsaba1268
ELPSabané

Currently, there are less than 5 native speakers of the Sabanê language, with all the speakers being more than 50 years old.[3] With no apparent transmission level, this language is considered as highly endangered when compared to the other two Nambikwara languages which have higher levels of transmission and preservation.[4]

History

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Amongst the languages in the Nambikwara family, the Sabanê people have the smallest population size.[4] During World War II, many Nambikwara territories suffered from invasions brought about by the search for rubber to supply the war.[5] The installation of tappers resulted in the Nambikwara people being forced into hard labour. Many of the Sabanê people were amongst those forced to provide food crops for the tappers. Due to harsh working conditions, many of the Sabanê people tried to flee to the forest, however this action was met with violent retaliation from the tappers who would return them to the village and murder multiple leaders.[5] In addition, Sabanê people suffered from epidemics brought on by contact with the invaders of their land. This led to an immense loss of lives bringing the Sabanê people close to extinction.[4] Around 1930, the arrival of the Jesuit Missionaries in the Cerrado region brought formal education to the Nambikwara region. By the beginning of 1940, there was the first school called “Irmãzinhas da Imaculada Conceição”, where small groups of children learned to read and write. Consequently, with arrival of rubber tappers many roads began to open near the Nambikwara villages, which allowed for the formalization of indigenous education.[6]

Language Family

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The Nambikwara linguistic family has no known relationships with any other South American linguistic families. The word Nambikwara, Tupi in origin and meaning pierced ear, was designated to the people occupying the northwest Mato Grosso and the border areas of Rondônia. Along with Sabanê, it includes the Southern and Northern Nambikwara languages. These three branches of Nambikwara further include more than fifteen languages and dialects.[3] Unlike Sabanê, Northern and Southern Nambikwara languages are well preserved with the Southern Nambikwara language having the highest level of transmission, with all its people being speakers of the language.[4]

Linguistic Origins and Literature

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The first mention of the Sabanê people being described using this very distinction occurred in 1914, in an account from Cândido Rondon, a Brazilian explorer of Indigenous and Portuguese descent, while building a telegraph line through Nambikwaran land.[3] Linguistic documentation did not occur until Claude Lévi-Strauss, a philosopher on a French cultural expedition did so in 1948. While there was documentation of the language concerning classification done in 1919 by Edgar Roquette-Pinto, and again in 1948 by Rondon and Faria, these two reports did not include any linguistic details.[3] Levi-Strauss however created a word list, comprising fifty-six words, and began to describe the morphology and phonology of Sabanê in some detail. Levi-Strauss concluded that it was not possible to determine at that point whether Sabanê belonged to the Nambikwara family given significant morphological and phonological differences with the other Nambikwara languages.[3] In the following years, Sabanê appeared in some comparative analyses and more developed documentation of the linguistics of Sabanê emerged from this. The most notable of these comparative studies comes from David Price, from the University of Brasília in 1978, who described the phonology of Nambikwara languages in comparison to one another.[3]

Pedagogical Grammar

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A comprehensive linguistic description focusing exclusively on Sabanê did not emerge until Gabriel Antunes de Araujo's A Grammar of Sabanê, in 2004. Antunes de Araujo is a linguist and professor at the University of São Paulo. This book includes an extensive description of the phonology, morphology, syntax, adverbs, and interrogative words of the Sabanê language, along with some general historical and cultural information on the Sabanê people. Antunes de Araujo's work remains the most comprehensive and complete documentation of the Sabanê language, and was sponsored by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), a body of the Brazilian government, as well as WOTRO, a Dutch organization.[3] Another notable documentation of the Sabanê language, Levi-Straus’ work, was supported by the French government.[3]

Ethnography

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There have also been some (however very few) ethnographies on the Sabanê people- one of the most prominent being by Edwin Reesink in 2004, that primarily focuses on the cultural implications of names and naming in Sabanê culture, and was also sponsored by WOTRO.[5] This lack of documentation and information tends to be significant for Sabanê culture and language; while it appears in a number of works, it is usually only mentioned with very little information provided.

Phonology

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Sabanê has 16 phonemes — 11 consonants and 5 vowels. Each has different allophones.[3]

Consonants

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Sabanê's 11 consonants are shown in the table below.

Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Stops plain p t k ʔ
implosive ɓ ɗ
Nasals m n
Fricatives s h
Laterals l

The consonants used in Sabanê are similar to those for the Northern Nambikwara languages, although there are no implosives in Latundê. However, the Southern Nambikwara languages have different phonemes such as glottalized and aspirated consonants as wells as only one implosive /ɗ/ and one affricate //.[3]

Vowels

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Sabanê has 5 phonemic vowels, listed in the table below.[3]

Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a

Once again the vowels used in Sabanê are similar to Northern Nambikwara, but vary when compared to Southern Nambikwara. Southern Nambikwara has a much larger vowel inventory, including creaky and nasal vowels.[3]

Morphology

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The roots of nouns in Sabanê can only exist as parts of larger words (they are bound morphemes), and must be followed either by a referential suffix in isolation or by a referential or derivational suffix in context. There is no system for identifying a noun's gender morphologically, so gender must be inferred or indicated lexically. This is also the case for age and numbers. Possessive pronouns are not required. Compounding is used frequently, with the combined meanings of the individual words often being very different from the meaning of the final compound. There are seven different classifiers for nouns.[3]

The verbal theme is composed of a verbal root and verbal suffix, however these verbal suffixes can be attached to adjectives and numerals to make them verbal adjectives and verbal numerals. That being said, adjectives are actually considered verbs due to structural similarity. Morphemes are used to indicate an imminent action, while suffixes are used to indicate supposition, hearsay desire, and negation. Sentences can be either assertive, interrogative, or imperative. While the assertive and interrogative moods are marked by suffixes, the imperative mood is unmarked.[3]

Pronouns

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Subject personal pronouns are mandatory in the absence of a nominal subject. There are two classes of personal pronouns: subject pronouns, which are free morphemes except for pi- and object pronouns, which are bound morphemes.[3]

Person Subject Object
Before vowels and glides Before consonants
1st person towali t- ta-
2nd person uli m- ma-
3rd person a-
1st person plural pi- p- pi-
2nd person plural uli m- ma-
3rd person plural a-

In Sabanê the pronouns uli and towali are free morphemes which means that they do not appear affixed to the verb.[3]

towali

1SUBJ

ilaw

to be big

-n

-VS

-al

-PRES.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

towali ilaw -n -al -i

1SUBJ {to be big} -VS -PRES.NEUT -ASSR

‘I am fat.’ [7]

uli

2SUBJ

wola

a lot

kiki

to scratch

-n

-VS

-datinan

-PRET.EV

uli wola kiki -n -datinan

2SUBJ {a lot} {to scratch} -VS -PRET.EV

‘You scratch it a lot.’ [8]

The pronouns p-, m-, t-, a- and pi-, ma-, ta-, are all bound morphemes, therefore they appear prefixed on the verb.[3]

uli

2SUBJ

pi-

1OBJ.PL-

kal

to cut

-i

-VS

-dana

-PRES.EV

uli pi- kal -i -dana

2SUBJ 1OBJ.PL- {to cut} -VS -PRES.EV

‘You cut us.’ [9]

wayulu

dog

t-

1OBJ-

ip

to see

-i

-VS

-datinan

-PRET.EV

wayulu t- ip -i -datinan

dog 1OBJ- {to see} -VS -PRET.EV

‘The dog saw me.’ [10]

towali

1SUBJ

-mi

-REF

m-

2OBJ-

yotop

to know

-a

-VS

-dana

-PRES.EV

towali -mi m- yotop -a -dana

1SUBJ -REF 2OBJ- {to know} -VS -PRES.EV

‘I know you.’ [8]

Note that in Sabanê, the third person singular and plural subject are not phonologically expressed. The third person singular and plural object are only phonologically expressed when the verb begins with a consonant.[3] (As seen below)

ileypelu

today/now

a-

3OBJ-

kalit

to cook

-i

-VS

-al

-PRES.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

ileypelu a- kalit -i -al -i

today/now 3OBJ- {to cook} -VS -PRES.NEUT -ASSR

‘S/he cooks it now.’ [11]

Negation of Verbs in Sabanê

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In the Sabanê language, negation of a verb is not marked by a single word on its own like languages such as English or Portuguese. Instead, negation is marked by the particle -mi(si)na which is suffixed to the verbal theme. Because this particle is affixed to the verb it cannot stand by itself. Generally, the shorter form -mina is used more often that the longer form -misina.[3]

kanaysi

pepper

-k

-OBJ

ii

to be hot

-n

-VS

-mina

-NEG

-al

-PRES.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

kanaysi -k ii -n -mina -al -i

pepper -OBJ {to be hot} -VS -NEG -PRES.NEUT -ASSR

‘The pepper is not hot.’ [12]

However, in cases where the progressive suffix -say is used, -mi(si)na can optionally occur after this progressive suffix instead of after the verbal suffix. Native speakers do this switching, but the meaning of the sentence does not change.[3]

ani

to feel

-n

-VS

-say

-PROG

-mina

-NEG

-al

-PRES.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

ani -n -say -mina -al -i

{to feel} -VS -PROG -NEG -PRES.NEUT -ASSR

‘S/he is not pretending.’ [13]

Negation in the imperative mood is similarly obtained, by which the negative particle is suffixed to the verbal theme.[3]

t-

1OBJ-

osa

to give

-n

-VS

-mina

-NEG

t- osa -n -mina

1OBJ- {to give} -VS -NEG

‘Do not give it to me!’ [14]

Lastly, because -mi(si)na is a bound morpheme it can not grammatically form a sentence. This means that when responding to a question negatively, a full sentence must be constructed.[3]

Question:

isun

to be angry

-i

-VS

-al

-PRES.NEUT

-a

-INTERR

isun -i -al -a

{to be angry} -VS -PRES.NEUT -INTERR

‘Is s/he angry?’ [15]

Grammatical answer:

isun

to be angry

-i

-VS

-mina

-NEG

-al

-PRES.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

isun -i -mina -al -i

{to be angry} -VS -NEG -PRES.NEUT -ASSR

‘S/he is not angry.’ [15]

Ungrammatical answer:

*

Mina.

* Mina.

*‘No.’ [15]

Oppositional morphological marking of assertive and interrogative sentences

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Most languages in the world do not morphologically express an opposition between assertive and interrogative sentences. That being said, Sabanê uses an assertive suffix (-i), and an interrogative suffix (-a), attached to neutral tense forms of verbs.[3]

iney

to fall

-i

-VS

-ntal

-PRET.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

iney -i -ntal -i

{to fall} -VS -PRET.NEUT -ASSR

‘S/he fell.’ [16]

While the few languages that do express a morphological opposition for assertive and interrogative sentences, they typically leave the assertive unmarked, while Sabanê marks both the assertive and the interrogative. The suffixes used to mark these ‘moods’ occupy the same syntactic slot, so the use of one suffix excludes the use of the other. In Sabanê the interrogative suffix must occur with a question word, such as ‘who’ or ‘what’.[3]

iney

to fall

-i

-VS

-ntal

-PRET.NEUT

-a

-INTERR

iney -i -ntal -a

{to fall} -VS -PRET.NEUT -INTERR

‘Did s/he fall?’ [16]

Syntax

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Case and Agreement

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In order to discuss Sabanê's case system, it is first important to define certain terms used to represent arguments of differing roles, and how they are used to classify case systems. These three terms are S, A, and P. S is used to describe the only nominal argument of a single-argument clause.[17] A and P are used within multi-argument clauses however, with A describing the most-agent like argument and P describing the most patient-like argument. In Sabanê, patient S arguments of some intransitive verbs are marked the same as P arguments of transitive sentences, being marked by a -k.[3] Conversely, A arguments as well as S arguments of transitive sentences are not marked.[3] Given these conditions of Sabanê's system, it is categorized as Split Intransitive.[3] A Split Intransitive case system is described as a system in which some S arguments are marked like transitive P arguments, while others are marked like transitive A arguments. The evolutionary process of this kind of system is typically made up of several successive developments over time, however given the lack of data for Sabanê the development of its particular split intransitivity is not known.[3] The following examples are examples of the presence and absence of markings for S, A, and P arguments in Sabanê.

Patient S argument of intransitive verb (marked with -k)

towali

1SUBJ

kiata

corn

-k

-OBJ

ilul

to eat

-i

-VS

-datinan

-PRET.EV

towali kiata -k ilul -i -datinan

1SUBJ corn -OBJ {to eat} -VS -PRET.EV

‘I ate corn.’ [18]

S argument of transitive verb unmarked

towali

1SUBJ

ilul

to eat

-i

-VS

-dana

-PRES.EV

towali ilul -i -dana

1SUBJ {to eat} -VS -PRES.EV

‘I eat.’ [18]

A argument of transitive sentence

Manoel

Manoel

t-

1OBJ-

osa

to give

-n

-VS

-ntal

-PRET.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

anose

bowl

-mi

-REF

Manoel t- osa -n -ntal -i anose -mi

Manoel 1OBJ- {to give} -VS -PRET.NEUT -ASSR bowl -REF

‘Manoel gave me a bowl.’ [19]

Agentive pronouns are used in Sabanê to mark volitional verbs (controlled actions), while patientive pronouns are used to mark non-volitional verbs (uncontrolled actions). Below is a table of the agentive and patientive pronouns in Sabanê.[3]

Pronouns[20]
agentive patientive
before vowels and glides before consonants
1st person towali t- ta-
plural pi- p- pi-
2nd person uli m- ma-
3rd person a-

While Sabane exhibits a split intransitive case system, this system has some specific rules. Objects expressed by nouns in transitive sentences must be marked by -k, and if it expressed by a pronoun the pronoun must be patientive.[3] Subjects in transitive sentences are unmarked if they are a proper noun and the object is marked by -k.

Agreement markers in Sabanê do not exist, shown particularly through the lack of grammatical gender, and lack of morphological opposition between animate and inanimate objects.[3]

Semantics

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Tense Structure

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In Sabane, all sentences must include a tense morpheme, with the exception of sentences in the imperative mood.[3] Unlike many other Brazilian languages, Sabane consists of three tenses: the past, the present and the future. These tense morphemes are bound morphemes (suffixes) that appear after the verbal theme or other verbal suffixes in a sentence. Additionally, in Sabane evidentiality and tense are combined into a single morpheme. This means that this language distinguishes between evidential events (sensory or inferential) and non-evidential/ neutral events (neutral or inferred neutral), which is all marked with tense.[3]

  • Note: the assertive morpheme -i or the interrogative morpheme -a can only be used to mark neutral tense.
[21]
Evidential Tense/Neutral
Sensory Inferential Neutral Inferred Neutral
Preterit -datinan -tika -ntal -np
Present -dana -al
Future -telon -tapanal

The Past

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The past consists of four forms, which are morphologically marked and based on evidentiality and non evidentiality.

-ntal assumes neutrality in the sentence.

Manoel

Manoel

a-

3OBJ-

kan

to kill

-n

-VS

-ntal

-PRET.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

Manoel a- kan -n -ntal -i

Manoel 3OBJ- {to kill} -VS -PRET.NEUT -ASSR

‘Manoel killed him.’ [22]

hay

already

ay

to go

-i

-VS

-ntal

-PRET.NEUT

-a

-INTERR

hay ay -i -ntal -a

already {to go} -VS -PRET.NEUT -INTERR

‘Did s/he already go?’ [22]

-np is used when the speaker believes that an event could have happened based on inference.

m-

2OBJ-

yotop

to know

-i

-VS

-np

-PRET.NEUT.INFR

-i

-ASSR

m- yotop -i -np -i

2OBJ- {to know} -VS -PRET.NEUT.INFR -ASSR

‘(One infers that) you knew it.’ [23]

m-

2OBJ-

yotop

to know

-i

-VS

-np

-PRET.NEUT.INFR

-a

-INTERR

m- yotop -i -np -a

2OBJ- {to know} -VS -PRET.NEUT.INFR -INTERR

‘Did you know it (it seems you did)?’ [23]

-datinan is used when the hearer concludes that the sentence is factual based on the speaker's availability of sensory evidence.

wayulu

dog

-mi

-REF

ip

to run

-i

-VS

-datinan

-PRET.EV

wayulu -mi ip -i -datinan

dog -REF {to run} -VS -PRET.EV

‘The dog ran.’ [24]

-tika is used when the speaker uses hearsay evidence for the factuality of an event. -tika is only found in sentences preceding evidential sentences.

may

to walk

-i

-VS

-mina

-NEG

-tika

-PAST.INFR

towali

1SUBJ

ay

to go

-i

-VS

-telon

-FUT.EV

may -i -mina -tika towali ay -i -telon

{to walk} -VS -NEG -PAST.INFR 1SUBJ {to go} -VS -FUT.EV

‘He did not arrive (because of the fact that) I am leaving.’ [25]

The distinction between recent past (today) and less recent pass (yesterday and beyond) is expressed by using the adverbs ileypelu ‘today’ and ileytika ‘yesterday’.

ileypelu

today

a-

3OBJ-

kalit

to cook

-i

-VS

-datinan

-PRET.EV

ileypelu a- kalit -i -datinan

today 3OBJ- {to cook} -VS -PRET.EV

‘S/he cooked it today.’ [25]

ileytika

yesterday

a-

3OBJ-

kalit

to cook

-i

-VS

-ntal

-PRET.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

ileytika a- kalit -i -ntal -i

yesterday 3OBJ- {to cook} -VS -PRET.NEUT -ASSR

‘S/he cooked it yesterday.’ [25]

The Present

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There are two morphemes that are used to mark present tense in Sabane:

  1. -al is used for the present neutral
  2. -dana is used for the present evidential

-al assumes neutrality in the sentence

ilul

to eat

-i

-VS

-say

-PROG

-al

-PRES.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

ilul -i -say -al -i

{to eat} -VS -PROG -PRES.NEUT -ASSR

‘S/he is eating.’ [25]

-dana is used to infer factuality of the sentence and implies that there is sensory evidence

towali

1SUBJ

ilul

to eat

-i

-VS

-dana

-PRES.EV

towali ilul -i -dana

1SUBJ {to eat} -VS -PRES.EV

‘I eat.’ [26]

The Future

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There are two morphemes that are used to mark future tense in Sabane:

  1. -tapanal is used for the neutral future
  2. -telon is used for the evidential future

-tapanal can only be used in a non-factual or elicited sentence

ilul

to eat

-i

-VS

-tapanal

-FUT.NEUT

-i

-ASSR

ilul -i -tapanal -i

{to eat} -VS -FUT.NEUT -ASSR

‘S/he will eat.’ [26]

-telon can only be used in a sentence in which the speaker is confident regarding its factuality

amayl

to rain

-i

-VS

-telon

-FUT.EV

amayl -i -telon

{to rain} -VS -FUT.EV

‘It is going to rain.’ [27]

Vocabulary

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Plant and animal names

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Selected Sabanê plant and animal names from Antunes (2004):[3]

Sabanê Scientific name English name Portuguese name
akona Magonia pubescens tingüi tree tingüi
akukuʔ Cerdocyon thous Brazilian wild dog cachorro do mato
ali Bradypus tridactylus sloth macaco-preguiça
alowa Bactris setosa jucum tree jucum
aynasapa Hancornia speciosa mangaba fruit mangaba
aʔoluʔ Dasypus novemcinctus tatu-galinha, an armadillo species tatu-galinha
bisikuli Eunectes murinus anaconda sucuriju
dalama Oenocarpus bataua batava palm patoá
doda Tayassu pecari white-lipped peccary queixada
kiayleli Tayassu pecari white-lipped peccary queixada
hakonata Spaeleoleptes spaeleus harvestman opilião, olupião
halakata Caryocar brasiliense pequi tree pequi (árvore)
halasapa Caryocar brasiliense pequi fruit pequi (fruta)
haybakata Dialium guianense pororoca tree jutai-pororoca
hieynakata Oenocarpus bacaba kumbu palm bacaba (árvore)
hieynasi Oenocarpus bacaba bacaba fruit bacaba (fruta)
holokalikata Attalea phalerata urucuri palm acuri
ila Ateles sp. spider-monkey macaco-aranha
ilunakata Caryocar brasiliense wild pequi pequi
ilunasi Caryocar brasiliense wild pequi nut pequi (fruto)
ineyla Metynnis maculatus spotted pacu (fish) pacu
iwimata Tetragonisca angustula jatai bee jataí
kali Ceratophrys ornata horned frog sapo-boi
kamanasi Atta sexdens female ant tanajura
kanaysi Capsicum frutescens pepper pimenta
kapiʔ Nasua nasua coati quati
kapune Cuniculus paca paca paca
kayno Carapus fasciatus tuvira fish tuvira
kaynomoka Gymnotus carapo catfish sarapó
kela Ara ararauna blue and yellow macaw arara-amarela
kiawa Chordeiles, Podager bacurau bird bacurau
kiluma Testudo tabulata jabuti jabuti
kina Tunga penetrans sand flea bicho-de-pé
kita Socratea exorrhiza rasp palm paxiúba
kiwkiw Solenopsis saevissima fireant formiga-lava-pés
kokwayli Mazama americana deer veado
koluma Typhlonectes compressicauda caecilian cobra-cega
kowayiti Hirundo rustica swallow andorinha
kowayitipan Progne chalybea domestica gray-breasted martin andorinha-azul
kuli Myoprocta acouchy agouti cutia
kulima Amburana cearensis cerejeira tree cerejeira
malasi Penelope superciliaris jacucaca rusty-margined guan jacucaca
misa Maximiliana regia inaja palm inajá
misakata Maximiliana regia inaja palm tree inajá (árvore)
misasapa Maximiliana regia inaja palm nut inajá (fruto)
misasi Maximiliana regia inaja palm seed inajá (semente)
mukunapi Enterolobium contortisiliquum earpod tree timbó
mulula Priodontes giganteus giant armadillo tatu-canastra
nutupiʔ Bixa orellana urucu urucu
olopa Apis mellifera European bee abelha-mel
oluma Tapirus terrestris tapir anta
ota Guilelma speciosa peach palm siriva
owayli Ozotoceros bezoarticus red deer veado-campeiro
oya Mauritia vinifera buriti palm buriti
pasika Brycon matrinchao matrinxã fish matrinxã
pawla Pterophyllum cará fish cará
piowla Hoplias malabaricus wolf fish traíra
puwisa Crax globulosa wattled curassow mutum
salaymulita Pyrilia barrabandi curica bird curica
sapa Piscidia erythrina woody wine, Jamaica dogwood timbó
siliko Eigenmannia trilineata tuvira rajada fish tuvira rajada
sopa Esenbeckia leiocarpa Brazilian boxwood guarantã (árvore)
sowaw Lebistes reticulatus rainbow fish piaba
sowawsi Leporinus elongatus piapara fish piau
sopa Esenbeckia leiocarpa Brazilian boxwood tree guarantã
takipa Cebuella pygmaea marmoset sauim
talama Tupinambis teguixin teju calangão
talawa Ara chloroptera red macaw arara-vermelha
tapayli Renealmia exaltata pacoba tree pacova
tapaytapay Corallus caninus emerald tree boa cobra-papagaio
tokaliʔ Bertholletia excelsa Brazilian nut tree castanheira
tomuʔtomuʔ Penelope jacucaca white-browed guan jacucaca grande
totaliʔ Tolypeutes tricinctus three-banded armadillo tatu-bola
towakaliʔ red-head cayman jacaré da cabeça vermelha
tutinakapawli Aratinga jandaya jandaya parakeet jandaí
ulila Tamandua tetradactyla lesser ant-eater tamanduá-mirim
ulima Ficus anthelmintica caxinguba tree caxinguba
ulumusuʔ Columbina minuta dove rolinha, pomba
ulununuʔ Cebus capucinus white-faced capuchin macaco capuchino
uma Hydrochoerus capybara capybara capivara
upa Tinamus solitarius macuca bird macuco
ute Eira barbara tayra irara
uykilapita Lagothrix lagotricha big bellied woolly monkey macaco-barrigudo
wakawlu Casmerodius albus egretta heron cegonha
walawaka Ara macao red and blue macaw araracanga
walawka Leporinus macrocephalus piauçu fish piauçu
walayena Ramphastos toco toucan tucano
walaynunu Egretta garzetta little egret garça
wani Meleagris gallopavo turkey
wanisi Rhea americana rhea ema
wawawsi Trigona spinipes arapuã arapuã
waylinawa Lutra platensis otter lontra
waylinun Pteronura brasiliensis beaver ariranha
waypulukata Campomanesia xanthocarpa gabiroba tree gabiroba (árvore)
waypulusapa Campomanesia xanthocarpa gabiroba fruit gabiroba (fruta)
waysili Euterpe precatoria assai palm açaí
wayulupi Chrysocyon brachyurus cat; guara-wolf lobo-guará
wayulutapayli Panthera onca spotted jaguar onça-pintada
wialakata, mialakata Hymenaea courbaril jatoba tree jatobá (árvore)
wialasapa, mialasapa Hymenaea courbaril jatoba fruit jatobá (fruta)
wiawlu Tinamus sp. tinamou bird nambu
yalawoka Maranta arundinacea arrowroot araruta
yalay Euphractus sexcinctus peludo armadillo tatu-peba
yamotoka Constrictor constrictor boa jibóia
yeyeyla Pitangus sulphuratus great kiskadee bem-te-vi
yolola Inga edulis ice cream bean tree ingá
yomotokamoka Bothrops jararaca viper jararaca
yoto Astrocaryum aculeatum star-nut palm tucum, tucumã
yowayli Didelphis marsupialis opossum gambá
yowitakata Saccharum officinarum sugar cane cana-de-açúcar
yubana Colocasia esculenta taro taioba

References

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  1. ^ a b Sabanê at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b Miller, Joana. (2008). "Povos Indigenas No Brasil, Instituto Sociambiental". Instituto Socioambiental.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Antunes de Araujo 2004.
  4. ^ a b c d Moore, D. (2006). "Brazil:Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 117–128. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01855-1. ISBN 9780080448541.
  5. ^ a b c Reesink, E.B. (2010). "An Introduction To Three Nambikwara Ethnohistories". Rozenberg Publishers.
  6. ^ Saramago de Souza, Ilma; Bruno, Marilda (2012). "O povo sabanê e o processo civilizador: algumas reflexões sobre o lugar da educação formal indígena" [The Sabanê people and the civilizing process: some reflections on the place of formal education] (PDF) (in Portuguese).
  7. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 160.
  8. ^ a b Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 128.
  9. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 171.
  10. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 173.
  11. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 198.
  12. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 134.
  13. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 135.
  14. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 136.
  15. ^ a b c Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 137.
  16. ^ a b Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 205.
  17. ^ Payne, Thomas (1997). Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguistics. England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521588057.
  18. ^ a b Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 178.
  19. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 176.
  20. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 179, Table 18.
  21. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 138-139, Table 13, Table 14.
  22. ^ a b Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 141.
  23. ^ a b Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 143.
  24. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 142.
  25. ^ a b c d Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 144.
  26. ^ a b Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 145.
  27. ^ Antunes de Araujo 2004, p. 146.

OBJ:object 1OBJ:first person, object 2OBJ:second person, object 3OBJ:third person, object 1SUBJ:first person, subject 2SUBJ:second person, subject 3SUBJ:third person, subject NEUT:neutral tense NEG:negative ASSR:assertive VS:verbal suffix