Wikipedia

Hutton, British Columbia

Hutton nestles in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains about four miles (6.4 km) north-northeast of the Grand Canyon of the Fraser, in central British Columbia. Moxley Creek, a tributary on the northeast side of the Fraser River, passes to the southwest. The former mill and village site is private property, whose owners remain the sole occupants. Surviving structures are some concrete foundations of mill buildings and the railway water tower (relocated from beside the tracks).[1]

Hutton, British Columbia
Railway Point
Hutton, British Columbia is located in British Columbia
Hutton, British Columbia
Location of Hutton in British Columbia
Coordinates: 53°59′00″N 121°37′00″W / 53.98333°N 121.61667°W / 53.98333; -121.61667
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Land DistrictCariboo
Regional DistrictFraser-Fort George
Geographic RegionRobson Valley
Elevation
624 m (2,048 ft)
Area code(s)250, 778, 236, & 672

Transportation edit

A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.[2] The immediate Via Rail stops are Sinclair Mills to the northwest and Longworth to the southeast.

History edit

Railway edit

Hutton, like Dewey to its northwest, and Longworth to its southeast, was an original train station[3] (1914) on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway[4][5] (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). Named by Sir Alfred Smithers, chair of the GTP board, his reason for choosing the name is unknown.[6] The locational surname of Anglo-Saxon and Scottish origin, deriving from any one of the places that had variations of "Hutton" in Lancashire, Somerset, or Cumberland,[7] was possibly selected from the list prepared by Josiah Wedgwood (submitted at the request of William P. Hinton, the railway's general manager).[8]

Hutton, at Mile 87.4, Fraser Subdivision[9] (about Mile 177 during the line's construction), was a tie camp as early as 1912 or 1913.[6] Moxley Creek, formerly Tonequah (Tonoquah alternate spelling) Creek/River,[10] provided access to Camps 176, 177 and 172 at the time.[11] The creek mouth was 95 miles (153 km) from Fort George via the Fraser.[12] Contractor Carlton & Griffin operated steam shovels at Mile 175.[13] Although Hutton did not initially have a water tower,[14] one existed possibly by the late 1930s,[15] or more probably a decade later.[16] The water tower stood at Mile 87.2.[17] Toward the end of the steam era, Giscome and Hutton were the two assigned water stops on a Prince George-McBride run.[18] When the limited-stop passenger trains ran during the later 1930s and early 1940s, these were also the only stops between McBride and Prince George.[19]

In 1922, a passing train struck and derailed some flatcars that inadvertently entered the mainline.[20] Months later, a severe gale, which tangled telegraph wires 2.5 miles (4.0 km) either side of Hutton, hampered train operations, including the delaying of a passenger train.[21][22] That decade, shunted freight cars bumped four units already parked on the passing track. John Manko (1881–1928),[23] a travelling car repairer working on one, fell and a wheel fatally severed his body.[24]

A 1954 boxcar derailment, not only delayed a passenger train,[25] but also sent the boxcars through the bedroom of a section house (track maintenance employee accommodation) recently vacated by foreman William (Bill) (1904–69) (raised at Kidd),[26] & Mary Josephine (Josie) (1912–99)[27] Haws.[28] Loosened poles rolling from a flatcar fatally crushed roadmaster (section foremen supervisor within a territory) Samuel Mark Beecroft (1911–56),[29] and section foreman Stefan (Steve) Bylycia (1899–1956).[30]

In 1964, a freight train side-sweeping boxcars on the siding derailed 3 locomotives and 18 cars. To unblock the mainline, cranes from Prince George and Jasper spent 15 hours lifting the tangle back onto the tracks or flatcars.[31] When a nearby track washout occurred later that year, the railway put Prince George passengers, who held bookings for that day, on a charter flight to Edmonton.[32] From 1967 into the 1970s, the CNR produced ballast at the Mile 84.2 gravel pit.[33] Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E)[34][35] station building was demolished in 1969.[36]

In 1993, a 73-car westbound freight train struck four stationary road–rail vehicles on the main track at Mile 86.6, when the train crew failed to obtain the foreman's permission to proceed through a track maintenance zone. The collision destroyed the unoccupied vehicles, but no employees sustained injuries. Pushed 800 feet, two of the vehicles remained locked together, while the other two tumbled down an embankment shortly after impact.[37]

Service 1914–c.1921 c.1921–1931 1932–c.1939 c.1940–c.1958 c.1959–1965 1965–1966 1966–1968 1968–1977 1977–present
[4][38][14] [39][40][41] [42][43][44][45] [19][16][46][47]
[48][49][50][51]		 [17][52][53][54][55] [56] [57][58] [59][60][61][62] [9][63][64][65]
[66][67][68][69]
Passenger Regular stop Regular stop Regular stop Flag stop Regular stop Flag stop Flag stop
Way freight Reg. stop probably Regular stop Regular stop Regular stop Regular stop Regular stop Regular stop Regular stop
Siding Mile No. 1922 1933 1943 1960–72 1977–92
(Capacity Length) Cars [39] Cars [44] Cars [16] Cars [17][56][59][61] Feet [9][65][66]
Hutton 87.4 67 66 57 52 2,460
Other Tracks Mile No. 1920 1922 19720 19770
(Capacity Length) Cars [14] Cars [39] Cars [61] Feet [9]
UGG Sawmills 83.7 Unknown Unknown
Rock Spur 84.2 52
Ballast Pit 84.2 1,110
UGG Sawmills? 85.0 Unknown
UGG Sawmills 86.1 Unknown
UGG Sawmills? 87.8 Unknown

Forestry edit

In 1913, William (Bill) A. Willits (see #Community) (Willots alternate spelling), who owned a number of timber limits on the upper Fraser,[70] established a sawmill. However, the reference to its 80,000-foot per shift capacity[71] is clearly a confusion with the 1917 mill built by the Grain Growers' Grain Company (GGGC), an enterprise on the cusp of merging with the Alberta Farmers' Co-operative Elevator Company (AFCEC) to form the United Grain Growers (UGG). The company had acquired a significant local timber limit in 1913,[72][73] or possibly 1911.[74] Since the millpond,[75] created by damming Wolf Creek, was 2.3 miles (3.7 km) from the closest point on the Fraser, using the river to float logs to the mill was not an option.[76] Instead, the company acquired a 47-ton shay locomotive and laid trackage for its standard gauge logging railway. Facing a similar predicament, Giscome Spruce Mills (GSM) would also choose this hauling mode that equally proved uneconomic for the low timber volumes per acre. In spring 1918, the sawmill and planing mill began production.[73] By January of the following year, UGG employed 300 millworkers and loggers in the area.[77]

Union activity swept the region during the post-war period. In April 1919, to guard against sabotage, the mill restricted employee access to the property outside normal working hours, and engaged armed security that had the powers of special constables.[78] In October, guided by mill manager Mark DeCew (DeCue alternate spelling), a party accompanying the Duke of Devonshire, governor-general 1916–21, viewed the facility.[79] The Lumber Workers Industrial Union targeted the railway tie camps during this era. In March 1920, the union won some gains from management at the UGG logging camps near Hutton. However, these were not binding contracts and had little lasting impact.[80]

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles (160 km) east of Prince George was known as the East Line.[81] In the 1920s, with logging limited to the winter and fall seasons to facilitate the hauling of logs over snow and ice, loggers were transient. However, year round work existed in sawmill towns such as Giscome, Aleza Lake, Hutton, Penny and Longworth.[82] Injury and death were common in sawmills and logging camps.[83]

The company soon discovered its original strategy of selling lumber directly to Prairie farmers (UGG shareholders) was flawed. Ordering carloads in advance was inconvenient for farmers, and prairie lumber dealers refused to handle the product, because it circumvented their own distribution channels. UGG also realized the mill was poorly located, servicing stands of extremely knotted cedar and hemlock,[84] and the lumber operations were incurring a $78,352 loss annually by 1922.[85] From 1921, the company logged at Eaglet Lake, east of Giscome.[86] That year, logs scattered along the lakeshore when a boom holding two million feet of UGG logs broke loose. A legal action followed when suspicions arose as to whether GSM was keeping an accurate count of the UGG logs it was milling.[87] When GSM fenced off a road passing through one of its logging lots to block UGG access, the courts quashed the action, because it was a public thoroughfare.[88] Using a donkey engine and cables at a facility two miles (3.2 km) east of Giscome station, the UGG could load two trainloads daily for transportation via the CNR line.[89] In mid-1923, a log-carrying train was arriving daily at Hutton.[90] That year, the mill was producing 80,000 feet of lumber each day. A planned new dry lumber shed, with a one-million-foot storage capacity, would increase efficiency[91] by replacing the dry kilns in operation from the beginning.[92] When the company reduced wage rates the following year, a number of employees quit.[93]

The 1925 fire completely destroyed the UGG sawmill, but the planer, a portable sawmill, and lumber yard, were saved.[94] Until this time, it joined Giscome and Sinclair Mills as the dominant mills on the East Line.[73] Initially, the horses were sold.[95] Choosing not to rebuild, UGG sold off its logs, lumber, machinery and equipment.[84][96] During the 1925/26 winter, Etter & McDougall logged in the vicinity of Hutton.[97] By early 1928, UGG had shipped out its remaining lumber and closed down all operations. That winter, Jack Turnbull (probably 1878–1964)[98] ran an 80-man camp one mile (1.6 km) to the west for Sinclair Spruce Mills.[99] A planer mill and a portable sawmill continued to operate into the 1930s. During World War II, such a mill processed birch for the Tego-bonded plywood and birch veneer of the "Mosquito" warplane.[6]

Charles Howarth (1885–1994),[100][101] a mechanical draftsman, managed the construction of grain elevators in Alberta and Saskatchewan for the AFCEC. In 1921, the company appointed him general manager of the Hutton mill.[102] On leaving, he acquired and ran the Arrow Lakes Lumber Co. at Nakusp 1927–36, but the business succumbed to the Great Depression.[103] A partner in the Babine Lumber Co. at Burns Lake from the late 1930s,[104] he purchased the Guilford Lumber Co. in 1943.

In 1974, Northwood donated a pioneer steam donkey and a pole railway car, recovered from Hutton, to the Prince George Railway & Forestry Museum. The car once carried logs stacked in a triangular formation upon a track formed from poles laid end-to-end.[105]

Community edit

The community held regular dances in its early years.[106][107] The post office, which opened at the Hutton Mills in 1917, assumed the sawmill name. William (Bill) A. Willits was postmaster 1917–18.[108] Consequently, the school,[109] and later electoral district,[110] took that name. Initially, the two names were used interchangeably[111] for the village and surrounding area, but Hutton was used predominantly. However, pioneer rural families, such as the Chance generations, consistently described themselves as from Hutton Mills,[112] whereas outsiders usually considered them as from Hutton.[113] Since the postal area officially changed to the latter in 1960,[114] Hutton Mills has been rarely used.[115]

Population estimates were 175 (Wrigley)[38] to 300 (Rev. W.J. Patton)[116] for 1918, and 275 (Wrigley)[117] to 400 (Dep. Insp. Parsons) for 1919. A school, store, and hospital existed.[77] When the school opened that year, S. Oswald Harries (1886–1981)[118] taught the 31 students.[119] Church services were held in the schoolhouse,[120] as were dances. The 1926 student body numbered 28.[121] During the 1920s, a laundry and bakery also operated.[119]

By 1920, unlike Prince George, the hospital possessed an X-ray machine.[122] Dr. Rex E. Page was district medical health officer.[123][124] Dr. Wilfrid Laishley (1900–60)[125] then headed the hospital until his transfer to Giscome as district medical officer and coroner.[126] Dr. G.E. Bayfield (1874–1947)[127] took over the daily routine[128][129] until Dr. J.W. Lang became district medical officer.[130][131][132] When Coroner Laishley held the inquest into the death of James Brown, whose body was found in an unused stable near Hutton, the verdict was death from natural causes.[133]

Percy Moore (1871–1954)[134] ran the mill's general store. Accompanied by wife Lois (1875–1968),[135] and daughter Ruth (c.1912–?), he relocated to Stuart in 1920,[136] where he opened the first store and became postmaster.[137][138] The destination was renamed Finmoore in 1923,[139] which combined the names of postmaster Moore, and pioneer farmer Ronald Finlaison (1875–1948).[140]

Arthur E.C. Read (1888–1945) (Reid alternate spelling), formerly and later at Longworth, was the mill purchasing agent and store manager for three years.[141] Although he was regarded as postmaster, because he performed these duties,[117] T.J. Largue (1886–1961)[142] company accountant,[143][144] officially held the title 1918–26.[108][128] Read was the recognized guide for big game hunters within the area.[145] Following a movie showing by Levi Graham of Prince George in 1922, the Hutton orchestra supplied the music for a dance.[85]

The population largely dispersed after the 1925 fire. The estimated 800–1,000 peak[119] appears to be grossly inflated. By 1928, about 65 people remained,[146] before levelling at 30.[147]

While the men remained to fight the severe 1927 forest fire, a flagged freight train temporarily evacuated the women and children from Longworth, and the largely vacated Hutton accommodated many of the evacuees.[148][149] Once the sawmill closed, the company pool hall, general store and hospital contents were sold.[150] A Chinese laundry existed at this time.[146] Mrs. Winifred Mary Grogan (1896–1991)[151][152] opened a general store,[99][146] and became postmaster 1928–29, a role commonly performed by a storeowner in such towns. The post office closed in 1929, re-opened in 1937, and closed for good in 1959.[108]

The school closed in 1942.[153] Edna P. Carter was a teacher during the final years.[154] In 1945, the settlement population numbered 26.[155] After inviting tenders, School District 57 sold the building in 1960.[156] By 1950, apart from railway employees, only two farmers, James V. Chance and Frederick (Fred) J. Culliton (1882–1955),[157] remained of the population.[158]

The former mill and village site forms part of Frank & Elke Steinbauer's property. The eight-foot high concrete base for the steam-plant smokestack, sundry concrete foundations, and the water tower remain. Buried medicine bottles in the former hospital area, and rusty cans and aluminum plates around the former sawmill canteen area, evidence the bygone era.[1] In 2004, the family moved the dilapidated former Aleza Lake Catholic Church (built 1949), and reconstructed the building on their property.

Crime, Calamity & Safety Measures edit

During the early 1920s, two Hindus were fined, one for drug possession,[159] and another for disorderly conduct during an alleged riot.[160] The Constable Service transferred to McBride at that time.[21]

In 1931, when their speeder struck and killed a moose, a number of residents travelling to a dance at Longworth suffered injuries.[161] Attending dances in surrounding communities continued a common pastime.[162]

Stevan (Steve) (1884–1969)[163] & Stanicia (1899–1983)[164] Utjesenovich lost daughter Annca (Annie) (1933–36).[165][166] The following year, the family lost all their possessions in a house fire.[167] In 1939, William (Bill) Chance (1921–62), later at Upper Fraser,[168] and his brother Jim, came too close when photographing a bull moose. The animal chased the two youths and two section employees who intervened, before the beast sauntered away.[169]

The station building provided a respite, especially during inclement weather. In 1960, eastbound passenger Romain D'Auteuil (1916–70)[170] had failed to awaken in time for his Sinclair Mills destination. Alighting the train at Hutton, he lingered for hours in the waiting room prior to commencing his 3.2-mile (5.1 km) return walk. When ejected before dawn for obnoxious behavior, he smashed a station window with a rock, garnering a $5 fine plus $18.91 for damages.[171] The following year in Prince George, he was fined $25 for being drunk in a public place.[172] In 1967, he was fined $200 for impaired driving after a .31 breathalyzer reading.[173]

Roads edit

Situated on the Sinclair Mills-Longworth section of road, Hutton shared similar accessibility issues as Longworth, but at times, the road west of Hutton was in moderately better condition.[174] In 1992, the Hutton Road was renamed the Upper Fraser Road.[175]

Electricity, Broadcast Transmissions & Communications Devices edit

A dispatcher staffed the early telegraph office.[14][38] By 1921, the railway was stringing telephone wires east of Prince George as far as Hutton, connecting mills and farms along the route with the outside world.[176] A gap in the line east of Aleza Lake, which remained into the following years,[177] prompted demands for lines separate from the railway's ones.[178]

The pre-1990 Longworth section covers the later developments. In the early 1950s, the CBC installed a 25-watt relay transmitter at Hutton to provide better reception for radio listeners in the area.[179]


Footnotes edit

  1. ^ a b Olson 2016, p. 44.
  2. ^ "Hutton flag stop". www.viarail.ca.
  3. ^ "Image: Hutton station". www.open.library.ubc.ca.
  4. ^ a b 1914 Timetable. p. 4.
  5. ^ "c.1919 GTP map (© 1911 prior version)". www.utoronto.ca.
  6. ^ a b c Symons et al. 2006, p. 30.
  7. ^ "Hutton Last Name Origin". www.surnamedb.com.
  8. ^ Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1957
  9. ^ a b c d "1977 Timetable" (PDF). www.cwrailway.ca. p. 79.
  10. ^ Fort George Herald: 21 Jan 1911, 28 Oct 1911 & 3 Aug 1912
  11. ^ Fort George Herald, 14 Jun 1913
  12. ^ Fort George Herald: 21 Jan 1911; 15 Apr 1911; 20 May 1911; & 3 to 24 Jun 1913
  13. ^ Fort George Herald, 1 Mar 1913
  14. ^ a b c d 1920 Timetable. Bulkley Valley Museum. p. 8.
  15. ^ "Image: Hutton station/water tower". www.appserve.noratek.com.
  16. ^ a b c 1943 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 9.
  17. ^ a b c 1960 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  18. ^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Apr 2000
  19. ^ a b 1942 Timetable. p. 58.
  20. ^ Prince George Leader, 28 Dec 1922
  21. ^ a b Prince George Leader, 22 Feb 1923
  22. ^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Feb 1943
  23. ^ "Cemetery Project (John MANKO)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  24. ^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Jan 1928
  25. ^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Sep 1954
  26. ^ "Death Certificate (William HAWS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  27. ^ "Cemetery Project (Mary Josephine HAWS)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  28. ^ Chamberland, June A. (2006). From Broadaxe to Clay Chinking. CNC Press. p. 416. ISBN 0-921087-33-0.
  29. ^ "Death Certificate (Samuel Mark BEECROFT)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  30. ^ "Death Certificate (Stefan BYLYCIA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  31. ^ Prince George Citizen, 23 Mar 1964
  32. ^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Aug 1964
  33. ^ Prince George Citizen: 24 Nov 1966; 1 & 5 Jun 1967; & 6 Nov 1969
  34. ^ "Type "E" Mythology". www.oil-electric.com.
  35. ^ "Vanishing BC GTP Railway stations". www.michaelkluckner.com.
  36. ^ Bohi, Charles W.; Kozma, Leslie S. (2002). Canadian National's Western Stations. Fitzhenry & Whiteside. pp. 121 & 136. ISBN 1-55041-632-4.
  37. ^ Railway Occurrence Report Number R93V0155. Transportation Safety Board of Canada. 1993.
  38. ^ a b c "1918 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  39. ^ a b c 1922 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 8.
  40. ^ 1923 Timetable. p. 70.
  41. ^ 1925 Timetable. p. 105.
  42. ^ Prince George Citizen: 12 & 19 Nov 1931
  43. ^ 1932 Timetable. p. 58.
  44. ^ a b 1933 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 8
  45. ^ 1935 Timetable. p. 60.
  46. ^ 1945 Timetable. p. 61.
  47. ^ "1946 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
  48. ^ 1949 Timetable. p. 59.
  49. ^ "1950 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
  50. ^ "1956 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 53.
  51. ^ "1957 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 53.
  52. ^ "1961 Timetable (main)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 39.
  53. ^ "1961 Timetable (way freight)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 48.
  54. ^ "1963 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 42.
  55. ^ 1964 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  56. ^ a b 1965 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  57. ^ "1966 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 38.
  58. ^ 1967 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  59. ^ a b 1968 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  60. ^ "1971 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 19.
  61. ^ a b c 1972 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  62. ^ 1973 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  63. ^ "1986 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 50, but scan p. 52.
  64. ^ "1988 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 55, but scan p. 52.
  65. ^ a b 1990 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  66. ^ a b 1992 Timetable. Northern BC Archives
  67. ^ "1996 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 40.
  68. ^ "2011 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 44, but scan p. 24.
  69. ^ Recent timetables
  70. ^ Prince George Herald, 9 Jul 1915
  71. ^ Prince George Citizen, 24 May 1961
  72. ^ Prince George Star, 30 Mar 1917
  73. ^ a b c Hak 1986, p. 78.
  74. ^ Olson 2016, p. 2.
  75. ^ "Image: Hutton millpond/mill". www.appserve.noratek.com.
  76. ^ Olson 2016, p. 7.
  77. ^ a b Prince George Citizen, 17 Jan 1919
  78. ^ Hak 1986, p. 249.
  79. ^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Oct 1919
  80. ^ Hak 1986, p. 256.
  81. ^ Hak 1986, p. 14.
  82. ^ Hak 1986, p. 137.
  83. ^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Jul 1918, 20 Sep 1918, 31 Dec 1918, 24 Jan 1919 & 29 Oct 1920
  84. ^ a b Hak 1986, p. 79.
  85. ^ a b Prince George Leader, 30 Nov 1922
  86. ^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Jun 1923, 27 Dec 1923 & 14 May 1925
  87. ^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Nov 1922
  88. ^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Jan 1923
  89. ^ Sedgwick, J. Kent (2008). "Giscome Chronicle (1912–1976)". www.docplayer.net. p. 9, but scan p. 21.
  90. ^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Jun 1923
  91. ^ Prince George Citizen, 21 Jun 1923
  92. ^ Olson 2016, p. 21.
  93. ^ Prince George Citizen, 3 Jul 1924
  94. ^ Prince George Citizen, 14 May 1925
  95. ^ Prince George Citizen: 21 May 1925 to 3 Sep 1925
  96. ^ Prince George Citizen: 4 to 25 Mar 1926; 23 Dec 1926 to 9 Jun 1927; 16 Jun 1927 to 18 Aug 1927; & 25 Aug 1927 to 16 Feb 1928
  97. ^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Oct 1925
  98. ^ "Death Certificate (John Burns TURNBULL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  99. ^ a b Prince George Citizen, 3 Nov 1927
  100. ^ "Grave & kin (Charles HOWARTH)". www.myheritage.com.
  101. ^ "Centenarians of West Kootenay/Boundary". www.nelsonstar.com. 10 April 2016.
  102. ^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Apr 1921, 13 Oct 1922, 26 Apr 1923, 14 Feb 1924, 27 Nov 1924, 13 Aug 1925 & 3 Dec 1925
  103. ^ Boudreau, Clarence & Olga. (2003). Into the Mists of Time. Self-published, p. 17
  104. ^ Olson 2016, p. 1.
  105. ^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Oct 1974
  106. ^ Prince George Citizen: 9 Aug 1918 & 5 Jul 1923
  107. ^ "BC Historical News Vol. 29 No. 2". www.open.library.ubc.ca. 1996.
  108. ^ a b c "Postmasters". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  109. ^ Prince George Citizen, 8 Jun 1953
  110. ^ Prince George Citizen: 16 Jun 1949; 16 Jun 1952; 8 & 11 Jun 1953; 4, 6, 20 & 27 Jan 1955; 7 Feb 1955; 26 Feb 1960; 31 Aug 1960; 13 Sep 1960; & 1 Oct 1963
  111. ^ Prince George Citizen: 7 & 17 Jan 1919
  112. ^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Jul 1924; 20 Aug 1925 to 17 Sep 1925; 9 Mar 1939; 4 Sep 1941; 14 Oct 1943 to 18 Nov 1943; 3 Oct 1946; 12 Feb 1948; 3 & 10 Nov 1949; 12 Feb 1951; & 23 Jan 1956
  113. ^ Prince George Citizen: 21 May 1931, 11 Jan 1940, 4 & 25 Jul 1940, 22 May 1941, 2 Oct 1941, 10 Feb 1944, 20 Apr 1944, 11 May 1944, 6 Jul 1944, 21 & 28 Dec 1944, 22 Mar 1945, 17 May 1945, 16 Aug 1945, 24 Jan 1946, 21 Mar 1946, 16 May 1946, 8 Aug 1946, 4 Sep 1947 & 1 Jan 1948
  114. ^ "BC Geographical Names, Hutton". www.gov.bc.ca.
  115. ^ Prince George Citizen: 27 Jul 1961; 4 to 6 Dec 1961; 31 Mar 1989 to 11 Aug 1989; & 9 Nov 1985
  116. ^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1958
  117. ^ a b "1919 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  118. ^ "Death Certificate (Samuel Oswald HARRIES)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  119. ^ a b c Symons et al. 2006, p. 31.
  120. ^ Prince George Citizen, 28 May 1919
  121. ^ "Image: Hutton school". www.open.library.ubc.ca.
  122. ^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Jun 1920
  123. ^ Prince George Citizen, 3 Sep 1920
  124. ^ "The Daily Colonist, 14 May 1920". www.archive.org.
  125. ^ "Death Certificate (Wilfrid LAISHLEY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  126. ^ Prince George Citizen: 3 Apr 1924, 3 Jun 1926, 7 Oct 1926, 12 Jan 1928 & 8 Nov 1928
  127. ^ "Death Certificate (Geoffrey Edward BAYFIELD)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  128. ^ a b "1920 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  129. ^ Prince George Citizen, 5 Jul 1923
  130. ^ "1925 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  131. ^ Prince George Citizen: 2 Apr 1925, 28 May 1925 & 4 Jun 1925
  132. ^ "News Items". The Canadian Medical Association Journal. 14 (11): 1139. 1924. PMC 1707794.
  133. ^ Prince George Citizen, 3 Jun 1926
  134. ^ "Death Certificate (Percy MOORE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  135. ^ "Death Certificate (Lois MOORE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  136. ^ "1921 Census". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  137. ^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Apr 1954
  138. ^ "Postmasters, Finmoore". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  139. ^ "BC Geographical Names, Finmoore". www.gov.bc.ca.
  140. ^ "Death Certificate (Ronald Kingswell FINLAYSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  141. ^ Prince George Citizen: 7 & 28 Jun 1945
  142. ^ "Death Certificate (Thomas James Robert LARGUE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  143. ^ "1921 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  144. ^ Prince George Citizen: 22 Mar 1921 to 10 May 1921; & 2 Apr 1925
  145. ^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Sep 1921
  146. ^ a b c "1928 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  147. ^ "1930 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
  148. ^ Prince George Citizen: 25 Aug 1927 & 1 Sep 1927
  149. ^ Ward, Crissie; Stewart, Laureen (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca. p. 1.
  150. ^ Prince George Citizen: 25 Aug 1927 to 16 Feb 1928
  151. ^ "Death Certificate (Winifred Mary GROGAN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  152. ^ "1921 Census". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  153. ^ Hall, Barbara; Nellis, Kris; Noukas, Tiiu (2014). School District No. 57 (Prince George) historical memories. (Volume II): people, places, programs & services. Prince George Retired Teachers' Association, Education Heritage Committee.
  154. ^ Prince George Citizen, 24 Jan 1946
  155. ^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Oct 1946
  156. ^ Prince George Citizen: 14 & 18 April 1960; & 12 May 1960
  157. ^ "Death Certificate (Frederick Thomas CULLITON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  158. ^ Prince George Citizen: 12 Feb 1951 & 19 Dec 1955
  159. ^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Oct 1922
  160. ^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Nov 1923
  161. ^ Prince George Citizen, 21 May 1931
  162. ^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Mar 1939, 4 Jul 1940, 3 Oct 1940 & 20 Feb 1941
  163. ^ "Death Certificate (Stevan UTJESNOVICH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  164. ^ "Death Certificate (Stanicia UTJESNOVICH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  165. ^ "Cemetery Project (Annca UTJESENOVICH)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  166. ^ Prince George Citizen: 17 Dec 1936 & 18 Feb 1983
  167. ^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Oct 1937
  168. ^ "Death Certificate (William Henry CHANCE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  169. ^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Mar 1939
  170. ^ "Death Certificate (Joseph Romain D'AUTEUIL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  171. ^ Prince George Citizen, 2 Mar 1960
  172. ^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1961
  173. ^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Aug 1967
  174. ^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Sep 1950, 25 Feb 1952, & 25 Feb 1954
  175. ^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jan 1992
  176. ^ Prince George Citizen, 17 May 1921
  177. ^ Prince George Leader: 7 Dec 1922, 8 Mar 1923 & 11 Apr 1929
  178. ^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Nov 1926
  179. ^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Sep 1952, 14 Oct 1952, 20 Nov 1952 & 8 Jan 1953


References edit

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