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Hristo Nikolov Lukov (Bulgarian: Христо Николов Луков; 6 January 1887 in Varna – 13 February 1943 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian lieutenant-general, politician, and Minister of War, who led the nationalistic Union of Bulgarian National Legions (UBNL), an organisation largely supportive of Nazi ideology. He was assassinated in 1943 by two members of the Bulgarian resistance movement, Violeta Yakova and Ivan Burudzhiev.
Hristo Lukov | |
|---|---|
Христо Луков | |
 Hristov Lukov in full military regalia | |
| Minister of War | |
| In office 23 November 1935 – 24 January 1938 | |
| Prime Minister | Georgi Kyoseivanov |
| Preceded by | Stefan Tsanev |
| Succeeded by | Teodosi Daskalov |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Hristo Nikolov Lukov 6 January 1887 Varna, Kingdom of Bulgaria |
| Died | 13 February 1943 (aged 56) Sofia, Kingdom of Bulgaria |
| Manner of death | Assassination by gunshot |
| Political party | Union of Bulgarian National Legions |
| Education | Vasil Levski National Military University |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Bulgaria |
| Branch/service |  Bulgarian Land Forces |
| Years of service | 1907-1932 |
| Rank | Lieutenant general |
| Battles/wars | First Balkan War Second Balkan War World War I |
| Awards | Order of Bravery |
Military and political career
editFirst World War
editHristo Nikolov Lukov was promoted during World War I to the rank of a major and a commander of an artillery battalion. Abroad he is incorrectly thought to be the commander of the 13th Infantry division during World War I. In fact, that was major-general Hristo Tsonev Lukov, a native of Gabrovo.
Interwar period
editDuring the interwar period Hristo Nikolov Lukov became the commander of the Army School of Artillery, of the Training Section of the General Staff's Artillery Inspection, and of the 2nd and 3rd Infantry divisions.[citation needed]
Between 1935–1938 Lukov served as Minister of War, in which position he created close ties to high-ranking Nazi officials.[1]
Second World War
edit
During the Second World War he was a key supporter of the Axis powers, particularly Nazi Germany. This was largely due to his close relations with the Third Reich[2][3][4] and his activities as leader of UBNL. Lukov was considered one of the most prominent advocates of antisemitic ideas in Bulgaria.[5]
Death
editLukov was shot dead by Communist partisans on 13 February 1943 in Sofia. According to the book "In the name of the people",[6] he was ambushed by two Jewish resistance fighters in front of his apartment in Sofia. Although struck by one bullet, he fought back one of the partisans, Ivan Burudzhiev, but the second one, Violeta Yakova, fired two more shots and killed him.
'Lukov March'
editFrom 2003 to 2019, the far-right Bulgarian National Union hosted an annual 'Lukov March' to commemorate “fallen heroes of Bulgaria” with a torch march, taking place in February in Sofia. It persistently caused controversy and was subject to multiple court bans. In 2020, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld a ban by the Sofia municipality so that the evening procession was cancelled. Less than 200 supporters of Lukov still gathered for the laying of wreaths at the house where Lukov was killed. Over one hundred people gathered for a counter-protest in central Sofia earlier in the day, promoting “No Nazis on the streets”.[7][8][5]
Awards and decorations
edit- Order of Bravery, 4th degree, first and second class
- Order of St Alexander, 3rd class without swords and 4th class with swords
- Order of Military Merit, 1st class
- Iron Cross of 1939, 2nd class (Germany)
See also
editSources
editReferences
edit- ^ Robert Singer, Bulgaria must stop this neo-Nazi Lukov march, EUobserver, 1 February 2018 [1]; quote: "Lukov was a top Bulgarian military and political figure who led the ultra-nationalist Union of Bulgarian National Legions from the 1930s until his assassination in 1943. He served as minister of war from 1935-1938, during which he fostered close ties with senior Nazi officials in Germany; after retiring, he remained highly influential and strongly advocated for the Bulgarian Law for the Protection of the Nation, modelled on the infamous 1935 Nuremberg Laws in Germany that stripped Jews of their civic rights."
- ^ Miller, L. (1975). Bulgaria during the Second World War. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 73-5. ISBN 0-8047-0870-3
- ^ Chary, F. B. (1972). The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944. London: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 8-9. ISBN 0-8229-8443-1
- ^ Chary, F. B. (2011). The history of Bulgaria. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, pp. 81-2. ISBN 0-313-38446-0
- ^ a b Press Release, Sofia, 12 February 2011: European Network against Racism insists "Lukov March" [must] be cancelled, www.Enar-EU.org, 12 February 2011, archived from the original on 2 January 2014, retrieved 23 January 2017,
On 11 February 2011 Secretariat of European Network against Racism (ENAR) in Brussels sent a letter to Mrs. Jordanka Fandakova, the Mayor of Sofia Municipality. With this letter, ENAR insists the Lukov March scheduled for tomorrow (12 February 2011) be cancelled. ENAR also is calling on the Municipality of Sofia to forbid such public demonstrations of racial and neo-Nazi ideas in the future. [...]
- ^ In the name of the people, a book by Mitka Grabcheva, pp 187-194, in Bulgarian
- ^ "Far-right torchlight parade in Sofia hit by court ban". Reuters. 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
- ^ "Lukov March 2017 goes ahead in spite of mayoral ban over foreign neo-Nazi involvement". The Sofia Globe. 2017-02-18. Retrieved 23 February 2017.