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Hill Forts of Rajasthan

Hill Forts of Rajasthan are six forts, spread across Rajasthan state in northern India. They have been clustered as a series and designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013. The hill forts series include—Chittor Fort at Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh Fort at Rajsamand, Ranthambore Fort at Sawai Madhopur, Gagron Fort at Jhalawar, Amer Fort at Jaipur and Jaisalmer Fort at Jaisalmer.[1]

Hill Forts of Rajasthan
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Amber Fort at Jaipur
LocationRajasthan, India
Includes
  1. Chittor Fort
  2. Kumbhalgarh Fort
  3. Ranthambore Fort
  4. Gagron Fort
  5. Amber Fort
  6. Jaisalmer Fort
CriteriaCultural: (ii), (iii)
Reference247rev
Inscription2013 (37th Session)
Hill Forts of Rajasthan is located in Rajasthan
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Hill Forts of Rajasthan is located in India
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Rajasthan has over one hundred fortifications on hills and mountainous terrain. The "Hill Forts of Rajasthan" was initially submitted to the UNESCO as a serial property formed by five Rajput forts in the Aravalli Range and were built and enhanced between the 5th and 18th centuries CE by several Rajput kings of different kingdoms. The Mehrangarh Fort at Jodhpur, is a hill fort but is not recognised by UNESCO as a heritage site. Some of these forts have defensive fortification wall up to 20 km long, still surviving urban centers and still in use water harvesting mechanism.[2][3]

Selection

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A series was to be selected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site to highlight the culture and architecture of hilltop Rajput forts.[4]

The State Party of Rajasthan presented an overview of the process for the selection of component sites for the series of Hill Forts and the criteria selected. The criteria set resulting in the selection process followed the four following perimeters: The forts adapted to the Geography of the Hilltops, the fortifications were power centers, they included sacred grounds, and the fort was designed with urban settlements.

Rajputs adhered to architectural texts that categorized different typologies of fortifications based on their geography. The earliest literary references differentiated four types of forts; Hilltop Forts, Water Forts, Forest Forts, and Desert Forts. This series of world heritage sites was created solely on the Hilltop Forts of Rajasthan. This excluded many forts solely based on typology such as Junagarh Fort which is a ground fort. Furthermore forts that were not designed for urban settlement were excluded Mehrangarh,[5] although situated on a hilltop, was a fortified citadel for the court which lacked an urban settlement for the civilians. But it is not recognised by UNESCO as a Heritage site.

An initial list Forts of Rajasthan was created based on all forts recorded by the Archaeological Survey of India. Of the hundreds of fortifications, 54 forts were further examined as they shared integral characteristics of Rajput military architecture. The State party explained how from this initial listing, a smaller group was selected made of 24 of the most significant forts of Rajasthan which all shared key aspects of Rajput Fortifications. This number was soon shortlisted to 13. From this list five forts were initially selected, all of which were located on the Aravalli Range, and belonged to different clans. The sixth fort, Jaisalmer was later added into the series.[4]

Hill Forts

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Fort Locations in Rajasthan

Chittor Fort

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Main article: Chittor Fort
 
A painting of the fort by Marianne North, 1878

Chittor Fort, also known as Chittod Fort, is one of the largest forts in India. The fort was the capital of Mewar and is located in the present-day city of Chittorgarh. It sprawls over a hill 180 m (590.6 ft) in height spread over an area of 280 ha (691.9 acres) above the plains of the valley drained by the Berach River.[6][7][8] Chittorgarh was originally called Chitrakut.[9] It is said to have been built by a local Mori Rajput ruler Chitrangada Mori.[10] According to one legend, the name of the fort is derived from its builder.[9] Another folk legend attributes the construction of fort to the legendary hero Bhima: it states that Bhima struck the ground here, which resulted in water springing up to form a large reservoir. The water body allegedly formed by Bhima is an artificial tank called Bhimlat Kund. Several small Buddhist stupas dated to 9th century based on the script were found at the edge of Jaimal Patta lake.[11][12]

Kumbhalgarh Fort

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Main article: Kumbhalgarh Fort
 
The massive gate of Kumbhalgarh fort, called the Ram Pol (Ram Gate)

Kumbhalgarh Fort, also known as the Great Wall of India, is a Mewar fortress on the westerly range of Aravalli Hills.[13] The fort is among the largest fort complexes in the world. The early history of the fort could not be ascertained on account of lack of evidence.[14][15] Before Rana Kumbha built the new fort, there was a small fort, limited to small hilly area, believed to have been built by King Samprati of the Maurya and was known as Matsyaendra Durg. The fort we see, was built by Rana Kumbha from the Sisodia rajput clan.[16] Kumbha took the aid of the famous architect of the era, "Mandan". Out of the 84 forts in his dominion, Rana Kumbha is said to have built 32 of them, of which Kumbhalgarh is the largest and most elaborate.[17] There are over 70 temples within the fort, both Jain and Hindu Temples.[18][19]

Amber Fort

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Main article: Amber Fort
 
The Amber Fort view in the daylight

Amber Fort is a fort located in Amer. Located high on a hill, it is the principal tourist attraction in Jaipur.[20] Amer Fort is known for its artistic style elements. With its large ramparts and series of gates and cobbled paths, the fort overlooks Maota Lake,[21] which is the main source of water for the Amer Palace. Amber was a Meena state, Which was ruled by his Susawat clan. After defeating whom Kakil Deo, son of Dulherai, made Amber the capital of Dhundhar after Khoh.[22][23] The Amber Fort were originally built by Raja Man Singh. Jai Singh I expanded it. Improvements and additions were done successive rulers over the next 150 years, until the Kachwahas shifted their capital to Jaipur during the time of Sawai Jai Singh II, in 1727.[24][25]

Ranthambore Fort

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Main article: Ranthambore Fort
 
Battees Khamba at the fort

Ranthambore Fort is a hill fort that lies within the Ranthambore National Park, near the city of Sawai Madhopur.[26] It is a formidable fort having been a focal point of the historical developments of Rajasthan. The exact origin of the Ranthambore fort is still disputed but it is generally accepted that there was a settlement at the site of the Fort, as far back as the 8th century A.D.[27] The fort is believed to be constructed by the Chahamanas.[28] It is most likely that the construction of the fort commenced during the mid 10th Century A.D. and continued for a few centuries after that. In the 13th century the Delhi Sultanate captured it for a brief time.[29][30] The fort provides a panoramic view of the surrounding Ranthambore National Park and is now a popular tourist attraction.[31]

Jaisalmer Fort

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Main article: Jaisalmer Fort
 
A view of the fortress above the city, in the evening

Jaisalmer Fort is situated in the city of Jaisalmer. It is believed to be one of the very few "living forts" in the world (such as Carcassonne, France), as nearly one fourth of the old city's population still resides within the fort.[32] It is the second oldest fort in Rajasthan, built in 1156 AD by the Rajput[33] Legend has it that the fort was built by Rawal Jaisal, a Bhati Rajput, in 1156 CE.[34] The story says that it superseded an earlier construction at Lodhruva, with which Jaisal was unsatisfied and thus, a new capital was established when Jaisal founded the city of Jaisalmer.[35][36]

Gagron Fort

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Main article: Gagron Fort
 
Gagron Fort view in daylight

Gagron Fort is a hill fort situated in Jhalawar district. It is an example of a hill and water fort.[37][38] The fort was built by Bijaldev Singh Dod (a Rajput king) in the twelfth century. Later, the fort has also been controlled by Sher Shah and Akbar. The fort is constructed on the confluence of Ahu River and Kali Sindh River. The fort is surrounded by water on three sides and a moat on the forth side and hence earned the name "Jaladurg". The fort has reportedly seen 14 battles and 2 jauhars of queens.[39][40]

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References

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  1. ^ "The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013". UNESCO - Official Website.
  2. ^ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts
  3. ^ Kohli, M.S. (2004), Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage, Indus Publishing, pp. 29–, ISBN 978-81-7387-135-1
  4. ^ a b "The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures". DNA : Daily News & Analysis. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  5. ^ "History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust".
  6. ^ Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon. (1994–1996). International dictionary of historic places. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 9781884964046. OCLC 31045650.
  7. ^ Tillotson, G. H. R. (1987). The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300037384. OCLC 14272201.
  8. ^ Singh, Sarina (2007). India (12th ed.). Footscray, Vic. ISBN 9781741043082. OCLC 141382100.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ a b Paul E. Schellinger & Robert M. Salkin 1994, p. 191.
  10. ^ Shiv Kumar Tiwari 2002, p. 271.
  11. ^ Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65
  12. ^ "Hill Forts of Rajasthan".
  13. ^ "Incredible India | Kumbhalgarh". www.incredibleindia.org. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  14. ^ Asawa, Dr. Krishnadas Nair (2004). Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort (5th ed.). Jodhpur: Rajasthani Granthagar.
  15. ^ "Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public". DNA : Daily News & Analysis. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  16. ^ "Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List". New Delhi, India: Mail Today. 22 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  17. ^ Verma, Amrit (2003). Forts of India. New Delhi: The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 30–31. ISBN 81-230-1002-8.
  18. ^ "View from the clouds". The Hindu. 7 May 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  19. ^ Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012 (1st ed.). New Delhi: The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011. 2012.
  20. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2007). Textbook of Indian History and Culture. New Delhi: MACMILLAN. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4039-3200-6.
  21. ^ "Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur". amerjaipur.in. Agam pareek. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  22. ^ Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber. RBSA Publishers, 1990. 1990. p. 18. ISBN 9788185176482.
  23. ^ Jaipur: Gem of India. IntegralDMS, 2016. 7 July 2016. p. 24. ISBN 9781942322054.
  24. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994) [1984]. A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938. Orient Longman Limited. pp. 23, 24. ISBN 81-250-0333-9.
  25. ^ Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy, Motilal Banarasidass, ISBN 81-208-1256-5
  26. ^ "Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore". Amber Development & Management Authority. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  27. ^ Aditya Malik (2021). Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History. Religion and Society. Vol. 83. De Gruyter. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-11-065959-7.
  28. ^ Dasharatha Sharma (1959). Early Chauhān Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. p. 102. ISBN 9780842606189.
  29. ^ IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64
  30. ^ Mishra, Shyam Manohar (1977). Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  31. ^ Singh, V.; Shrivastava, A. (2007). Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. ISBN 978-81-7233-492-5.
  32. ^ "Fort full of life". www.frontline.in. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  33. ^ Martinelli, Antonio; Michell, George; Nath, Aman (14 October 2004). Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 9780865652408.
  34. ^ Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. ISBN 1-85715-887-3
  35. ^ Rima Hooja (2006). A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB). Rupa & Company. p. 368. ISBN 978-81-291-1501-0.
  36. ^ Sharma, Abha (23 September 2012). "Desert's sinking fort". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  37. ^ "Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism". tourism.rajasthan.gov.in. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  38. ^ Sharma, Meghna (2008). "Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination" (PDF). S Asian J Tourism Heritage. 1: 4.
  39. ^ Mehta, Juhee (4 March 2019). "This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation | Read to Know More | UdaipurBlog". Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives". www.maharajatrails.com. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

Works cited

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