Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome is typically an asymptomatic hemoglobinopathy, which is caused by an autosomal recessive genetic mutation. The Hb Lepore variant, consisting of two normal alpha globin chains (HBA) and two delta-beta globin fusion chains which occurs due to a "crossover" between the delta (HBD) and beta globin (HBB) gene loci during meiosis and was first identified in the Lepore family, an Italian-American family, in 1958.[1] There are three varieties of Hb Lepore, Washington (Hb Lepore Washington, AKA Hb Lepore Boston or Hb Lepore Washington-Boston), Baltimore (Hb Lepore Baltimore) and Hollandia (Hb Hollandia). All three varieties show similar electrophoretic and chromatographic properties and hematological findings bear close resemblance to those of the beta-thalassemia trait; a blood disorder that reduces the production of the iron-containing protein hemoglobin which carries oxygen to cells and which may cause anemia.
| Hemoglobin Lepore syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hb Lepore syndrome |
 | |
| A crossover between the delta and beta globin gene loci results in the mutation which causes the Hb Lepore trait. | |
The homozygous state for Hb Lepore is rare. Patients of Balkan descent tend to have the most severe presentation of symptoms including severe anemia during the first five years of life. They also presented with significant splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and skeletal abnormalities identical to those of homozygous beta-thalassemia. The amount of Hb Lepore in the patients blood ranged from 8 to 30%, the remainder being fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) which is present in minute quantities (typically<1 percent) in the red blood cells of adults. Known as F- cells they are present in a small proportion of overall RBCs.[2]
Homozygous Hb Lepore is similar to beta-thalassemia major; however, the clinical course is variable. Patients with this condition typically present with severe anemia during the first two years of life. The heterozygote form is mildly anemic (Hb 11–13 g/dl) but presents with a significant hypochromia (deficiency of hemoglobin in the red blood cells) and microcytosis.[3][4]
Presentation edit
Complications edit
A potential complication that may occur in children that suffer acute anemia with a hemoglobin count below 5.5 g/dl is silent stroke[5][unreliable medical source?] A silent stroke is a type of stroke that does not have any outward symptoms (asymptomatic), and the patient is typically unaware they have suffered a stroke. Despite not causing identifiable symptoms a silent stroke still causes damage to the brain, and places the patient at increased risk for both transient ischemic attack and major stroke in the future.[6]
Cause edit
Sickle cell-Hb Lepore Boston syndrome is a type of sickle cell disease (HbS) that differs from homozygous sickle cell disease where both parents carry sickle hemoglobin. In this variant one parent has the sickle cell hemoglobin the second parent has Hb Lepore Boston, the only one of the three variants described in association with HbS.[7]
Diagnosis edit
The diagnosis of Hb Lepore syndrome may be performed antenatally or postnatally via the use of a variety of tests
- Complete blood count (CBC)[citation needed]
- Cation Exchange High-performance liquid chromatography (CE-HPLC): a chromatographic technique used to separate and quantify various normal and abnormal hemoglobin components in blood.[8]
- Hemoglobin electrophoresis[citation needed]
- DNA analysis[9]
Treatment edit
Homozygous Hb Lepore edit
Those homozygous (Hb LeporeLepore; a very rare situation) or compound heterozygous (Hb Lepore-Β-thalassaemia) might suffer from a severe anaemia. They should be managed in a comprehensive multi-disciplinary program of care.[10] Management includes a regular course of blood transfusions, although the clinical severity in compound (double) heterozygotes can range from minor to major, depending on the combination of genes that have caused the condition.[11]
Heterozygous Hb Lepore edit
Individuals heterozygous for the Hb Lepore require no particular treatment. There is no anemia or, if there is, it is very mild.[12]
Epidemiology edit
The Hb Lepore trait has a worldwide distribution and may affect individuals of various ethnicities however the three main varieties which been defined tend to be more prevalent among specific ethnic groups, typically Caucasians of the Southern regions Central and Eastern Europe. The three main varieties are named for the geographical areas they were first identified in with various subtypes, the three main varieties are:[citation needed]
- Washington (Hb Lepore Washington, also known as Hb Lepore Boston or Hb Lepore Washington-Boston); most common in Italians from Southern Italy[citation needed]
- Baltimore (Hb Lepore Baltimore); first described in a family with African ancestry; most common in people from the Balkan countries, Albanians Croats, Serbs, Slovenes and Romanians. It has also been described in Turks and in regions of Spain and Portugal. A rare case of the Baltimore variety was discovered in an African American woman in the Bronx, New York and dubbed Hn Lepore-Bronx[13] and another variety was discovered in the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada and dubbed Hb E-Lepore Saskatoon[14]
- Hollandia (Hb Lepore Hollandia); identified in Papua New Guinea and Bangladesh.[citation needed]
References edit
- ^ Gerald PS, Diamond LK (September 1958). "A new hereditary hemoglobinopathy (the Lepore trait) and its interaction with thalassemia trait". Blood. 13 (9): 835–44. doi:10.1182/blood.v13.9.835.835. PMID 13572441.
- ^ Rochette J, Craig JE, Thein SL (December 1994). "Fetal hemoglobin levels in adults". Blood Rev. 8 (4): 213–24. doi:10.1016/0268-960x(94)90109-0. PMID 7534152.
- ^ Ricci G, Scutellari PN, Franceschini F, Gualandi G (February 1982). "[A new case of hemoglobin Lepore-beta-thalassemia disease]". Minerva Med. (in Italian). 73 (5): 191–7. PMID 7063135.
- ^ Efremov GD, Rudivić R, Niazi GA, et al. (February 1976). "An individual with Hb-Lepore-Baltimore- delta beta-thalassaemia in a Yugoslavian family". Scand J Haematol. 16 (2): 81–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.1976.tb01122.x. PMID 1257702.
- ^ Dowling MM, Quinn CT, Plumb P, Rogers ZR, Rollins N, Koral K, Barber R, Buchanan GR (11 February 2011). "Acute anemia linked to silent strokes in children American Stroke Association Meeting Report: Abstract 185". American Heart Association. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
- ^ Miwa K, Rudivić R, Niazi GA, et al. (2010). "Silent cerebral infarction is associated with incident stroke and TIA independent of carotid intima-media thickness". Intern Med. 49 (9): 817–22. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3211. PMID 20453400.
- ^ Stevens MC, Lehmann H, Mason KP (January 1982). "Sickle cell-Hb Lepore Boston syndrome. Uncommon differential diagnosis to homozygous sickle cell disease". Am J Dis Child. 136 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970370021004. PMID 7055103.
- ^ Gupta LCPK; Kumar CH; Kumar CCS; Jaiprakash BM (2009). "Cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography for diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies" (PDF). Med J Armed Forces India. 65 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1016/s0377-1237(09)80051-8. PMC 4921438. PMID 27408187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2016.
- ^ Almon McKusick; Stylianos E. Antonarakis (1998). Mendelian Inheritance in Man: A Catalog of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders (12th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 849. ISBN 0-8018-5742-2.
- ^ "Haemoglobin Lepore – Anaemias – Enerca".
- ^ http://nefeli.lib.teicrete.gr/browse/seyp/nos/2009/AmyrialakiMaria,LerakiDimitra,SifalakiIouliaNektaria/attached-document-1285754310-610362-24189/Amyrialaki2009.pdf Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Haemoglobin Lepore – Anaemias – Enerca".
- ^ McKeown SM, Carmichael H, Markowitz RB, Kutlar A, Holley L, Kutlar F (June 2009). "Rare occurrence of Hb Lepore-Baltimore in African Americans: molecular characteristics and variations of Hb Lepores". Ann Hematol. 88 (6): 545–8. doi:10.1007/s00277-008-0631-4. PMID 18989669. S2CID 8931267.
- ^ Ropero P, Murga MJ, González FA, Polo M, Benavente C, Salvador M, Villegas A (2005). "The first case of Hb E-Saskatoon associated with Hb Lepore-Baltimore found in Spain". Hemoglobin. 29 (3): 215–9. doi:10.1081/hem-200066321. PMID 16114185. S2CID 31863952.