Heliothela atra is a moth of the family Crambidae.[1] It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877. This species is endemic in New Zealand and has been observed in both the North and South Islands. The preferred habitat of this species is dry tussock grasslands and short-sward sites. Adults of this species are on the wing from December until March and are day flying moths known for their rapid flight. This species is said to be associated with Melicytus alpinus.
| Heliothela atra | |
|---|---|
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| Female | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | Heliothela |
| Species: | H. atra
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| Binomial name | |
| Heliothela atra | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Taxonomy
editThis specie was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877 and named Orosana atra.[3] Butler used a specimen obtained from the Canterbury plains and sourced from the collection of J. D. Enys.[3] In 1885 Edward Meyrick discussed this species and placed it within the genus Nyctarcha.[4] In 1913 Meyrick placed this species in the genus Heliothela and renamed the species H. erebopis as he was of the opinion that the epithet atra could be confused with atralis, the type of the genus.[5] This placement and naming was followed by George Hudson in his book The butterflies and moths of New Zealand.[6] In 1988 J. S. Dugdale agreed with the placement of the species within the genus Heliothela but argued that the epithet should be atra as it was sufficiently distinct from atralis for it not to be regarded as a homonym.[2] The male holotype is held at the Natural History Museum, London.[2]
Description
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Meyrick described this species as follows:
Male, female. — 11-12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish, irrorated with white, basal joint of palpi white. Antennae blackish. Abdomen blackish, segmental margins white. Legs white, irrorated with black, tibiae and tarsi banded with black. Forewings oblong, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa straight, apex rounded, hind margin very obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous, sometimes partially irrorated with white ; first line black, angulated ; orbicular small, black, detached ; claviform absent ; reniform 8-shaped, outlined with black, separated from second line by a white spot, sometimes obsolete above but always distinct on under surface, suffused into costa ; second line black, indented beneath costa, strongly curved inwards beneath reniform, sometimes margined posteriorly on costa with white ; subterminal obsolete : cilia grey, with a waved black line, tips white. Hindwings dark fuscous ; neural pectinations white ; cilia as in forewings. Under surface of forewings with one or two small white spots between reniform and base, besides posterior blotch, and a whitish suffusion towards inner margin : of hindwings with a white discal suffusion, interrupted by a dark fuscous central spot.[4]
Hudson pointed out that the dark and light markings on this species vary in colour intensity.[6]
Distribution
editThis species is endemic to New Zealand.[1][7] It has been observed at its type locality of the Canterbury plains, at Castle Hill also in Canterbury and near Lake Wakatipu at altitudes of between 365m to 1500m. It has been observed at Arthur's Pass, Aoraki/Mount Cook, Macetown, and McKinnon Pass.[6] It has also been observed in the North Island at Mount Ruapehu and at Waimarino. In the far south this species can be found at sea-level in dry, open habitat.[6]
Behaviour
editAdult H. atra are on the wing from December until March.[6][8][9] This species is a day flying moth and is a rapid flier.[9][6]
Habitat
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The habitat of this species is dry tussock grasslands and short-sward sites.[9][10] H. atra is said to be associated with Melicytus alpinus.[11]
References
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- ^ a b c "Heliothela atra (Butler, 1877)". www.nzor.org.nz. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
- ^ a b c John Stewart Dugdale (23 September 1988). "Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa". Fauna of New Zealand. 14. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research: 152. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.14. ISSN 0111-5383. Wikidata Q45083134.
- ^ a b Butler, A. G. (1877). "On two collections of heterocerous Lepidoptera from New Zealand, with descriptions of new genera and species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. May-Dec.: 379–407 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b Edward Meyrick (1885). "Art. XI. — Descriptions of New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 17: 70. ISSN 1176-6158. Wikidata Q113379604.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Edward Meyrick (1913). "A revision of New Zealand Pyralidina". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 45: 41. ISSN 1176-6158. Wikidata Q113379622.
- ^ a b c d e f George Vernon Hudson (1928), The butterflies and moths of New Zealand, Illustrator: George Hudson, Wellington: Ferguson and Osborn Limited, p. 182, LCCN 88133764, OCLC 25449322, Wikidata Q58593286
- ^ Gordon, Dennis P., ed. (2010). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Kingdom animalia: chaetognatha, ecdysozoa, ichnofossils. Vol. 2. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-877257-93-3. OCLC 973607714. OL 25288394M. Wikidata Q45922947.
- ^ "Heliothela atra". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
- ^ a b c Brian H. Patrick; Brian M. Lyford; John B. Ward; Barbara I.P. Barratt (December 1992). "Lepidoptera and other insects of the Rastus Burn Basin, The Remarkables, Otago". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 22 (4): 265–278. doi:10.1080/03036758.1992.10420820. ISSN 0303-6758. Wikidata Q60326057.
- ^ Brian H. Patrick (1991). Insects of the Dansey Ecological District (PDF). Vol. 32. p. 14. ISBN 0-478-01285-3. ISSN 0113-3713. Wikidata Q110318301. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2021.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Patrick, Brian (2019-04-07). "Heliothela atra". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
