de Havilland Gipsy Major

Gipsy Major
	Gipsy Major 31 engine on display at the de Havilland Aircraft Museum
Type	Piston inline aero-engine
Manufacturer	de Havilland Engine Company
First run	1932
Major applications	de Havilland Tiger Moth ; de Havilland Canada Chipmunk
Number built	14,615
Developed from	de Havilland Gipsy
Developed into	de Havilland Gipsy Six

The de Havilland Gipsy Major or Gipsy IIIA is a four-cylinder, air-cooled, inverted inline engine used in a variety of light aircraft produced in the 1930s, including the famous Tiger Moth biplane. Many Gipsy Major engines still power vintage aircraft types.

Engines were produced by de Havilland in the UK and by the Australian arm of the company, de Havilland Australia, the latter modifying the design to use imperial measures rather than the original metric measurements.^{[citation needed]}

Design and development

The engine was a slightly modified Gipsy III, which was effectively a de Havilland Gipsy engine modified to run inverted so that the cylinders pointed downwards below the crankcase. The Major was also bored-out (118 mm from 114 mm) compared to the Gipsy III, increasing displacement from 5 L to 6.1 L.

The inverted configuration allowed the propeller shaft to be kept in a high position without having the cylinders blocking the pilot's forward view over the nose of the aircraft.^[1]

One initial disadvantage of the inverted configuration was the high oil consumption (up to four pints per hour) requiring regular refills of the external oil tank; this problem improved over time with the use of modified piston rings. First built in 1932, total production of all Gipsy Major versions was 14,615 units.

Further development

In 1934, when Geoffrey de Havilland needed a more powerful engine for his twin-engined transport aircraft, the four-cylinder Gipsy Major was further developed into the 200 hp six-cylinder Gipsy Six.^[2] In 1937 even more power was needed for the new D.H.91 Albatross four-engined transatlantic mailplane, and so two Gipsy Six cylinder banks were combined to form one 525 hp (391 kW) Gipsy Twelve 12-cylinder inverted Vee.^[3] In military service, the Gipsy Twelve became known as the Gipsy King and the Gipsy Six the Gipsy Queen.

The advent of World War II cut short all civilian flying and after the war de Havilland was too busy concentrating on jet engines to put much energy into its piston engines. The Gipsy did not go without a fight though. In Canada the Gipsy Major was the engine of choice for the DHC1 Chipmunk trainer, which replaced the Tiger Moth trainer in RAF service after the war. By then however, the Gipsy Major was eclipsed by the Blackburn Cirrus Major in Britain and the American Lycoming and Continental horizontally opposed engines abroad. (In a twist of irony, the Blackburn itself was based on Frank Halford’s old ADC Cirrus engine; Blackburn had bought the licence in 1934).

In its final supercharged form, the Gipsy Major used in helicopter applications delivered 220 hp (164 kW).^[4]

By 1945 the Gipsy Major had been cleared for a world record 1,500 hours time between overhaul (TBO),^[5] surpassing its previously held world record of 1,260 hours TBO achieved in 1943. 1,000 hours TBO had earlier been achieved in 1938.^[6]

Variants

Supercharged Gipsy Major 50

Gipsy Major I
Gipsy Major IC: Higher compression ratio (6:1) and maximum RPM for racing use.
Gipsy Major ID: Fuel pump added, plus screened ignition harness and priming system.
Gipsy Major IF: Aluminium cylinder heads, 5.25:1 compression ratio.
Gipsy Major II: Variable pitch propeller
Gipsy Major 7: Military version of Gipsy Major 1D, increased climb RPM.
Gipsy Major 8: Sodium cooled exhaust valves, cartridge starter for DHC Chipmunk.
Gipsy Major 10: Electric starter option.
Gipsy Major 30: Major redesign, bore and stroke increased. 6.5:1 compression ratio.
Gipsy Major 50: Supercharged. 197 hp.
Gipsy Major 200: Designed as a light helicopter engine. 200 hp.
Gipsy Major 215: Turbo-supercharged helicopter engine. 220 hp.
Alfa Romeo 110: Alfa Romeo licence production/derivative
de Havilland L-375-1: US military designation for the Gipsy Major I
IAR 4-G1: IAR licence produced in Romania

Applications

Gipsy Major in the centre or nose position on a DHA-3 Drover

Application list from Lumsden unless otherwise noted.^[7]^[8]

Surviving engines

Many Gipsy Major engines remain in service today worldwide, in the United Kingdom alone approximately 175 de Havilland Tiger Moths were noted on the Civil Aviation Authority register in September 2011 although not all of these aircraft were airworthy.^[11]

Engines on display

Examples of the Gipsy Major are on display at the following museums:

Specifications (Gipsy Major I)

Gipsy Major on work stand

Data from Jane's.^[12]

General characteristics

Type: 4-cylinder air-cooled inverted inline piston aircraft engine
Bore: 4.646 in (118 mm)
Stroke: 5.512 in (140 mm)
Displacement: 373.7 in³ (6.124 L)
Length: 48.3 in (1227 mm)
Width: 20.0 in (508 mm)
Height: 29.6 in (752 mm)
Dry weight: 300 lb (136 kg) Mk 1F to 322 lb (146 kg) Mk 1D

Components

Valvetrain: OHV
Fuel system: Downdraught Hobson A.I.48 H3M (Mk 1C and Mk 7) or H1M (others)
Oil system: Dry sump, gear-type pump
Cooling system: Air-cooled

Performance

Power output: 122 hp at 2,100 rpm (cruise), 145 hp (108 kW) at 2,550 rpm (1 minute max)
Specific power: 0.39 hp/in³ (17.6 kW/L)
Compression ratio: 5.25:1 (Mk 1 and 1F) or 6.0:1 (others)
Fuel consumption: 6.5 to 6.75 gph (28.4 to 30.7 L/h) at 2,100 rpm
Oil consumption: 1.75 pints (0.99 L) per hour.
Power-to-weight ratio: 0.48 hp/lb (0.78 kW/kg)

References

Notes

^ Bransom 1991, p. 28.
^ Lumsden 2003, p. 142.
^ Lumsden 2003, p. 136.
^ Lumsden 2003, p. 141.
^ "Flight, 7 June 1945, p. 611". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ "Flight, 14 January 1943, p. 44". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ Lumsden 2003, pp.139-141
^ Note that the Gipsy Major may not be the main powerplant for these types
^ Wesselink 1982 p.84
^ Wesselink 1982 p.115
^ G-INFO, UK CAA database - DH.82 Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 10 September 2011
^ Jane's 1989, p. 276-277

Bibliography

Bransom, Alan. The Tiger Moth Story, Fourth Edition. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1991. ISBN 978-0-906393-19-2.
Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1989. ISBN 978-0-517-67964-7
Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-1-85310-294-3.
Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. (2000). British Light Aeroplanes. Peterborough: GMS Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-870384-76-6.

Wesselink, Theo; Postma, Thijs (1982). De Nederlandse vliegtuigen. Haarlem: Romem. ISBN 90-228-3792-0.

External links

Royal Air Force Museum - Gipsy Major

[1] Bransom 1991, p. 28.

[2] Lumsden 2003, p. 142.

[3] Lumsden 2003, p. 136.

[4] Lumsden 2003, p. 141.

[5] "Flight, 7 June 1945, p. 611". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2021.

[6] "Flight, 14 January 1943, p. 44". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2021.

[7] Lumsden 2003, pp.139-141

[8] Note that the Gipsy Major may not be the main powerplant for these types

[9] Wesselink 1982 p.84

[10] Wesselink 1982 p.115

[11] G-INFO, UK CAA database - DH.82 Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 10 September 2011

[12] Jane's 1989, p. 276-277

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