Ganneious, also spelled Ganneous, is a former village, first settled by the Oneida, located on the North Shore of Lake Ontario near the present site of Napanee, Ontario, Canada.[1][2] Starting in 1696, it was occupied by the Mississauga.[3]:10 The name is most likely a likely misprint for the French "Gannejout(s)", meaning Oneida.[4]
History edit
Ganneious was settled temporarily as part of a mid 17th-century northward push by the Iroquois confederacy, from their traditional homeland in New York state.[5] The village was one of seven northern bases for the Iroquois from which to hunt beaver and other fur-bearers and to control the flow of furs from the north and west to the markets at Albany. The village was located on or near the fertile and productive soils of the Hay Bay area, near Fredericksburg and Cataraqui. The exact location of the village has not been determined.[6][7]
In 1673, the French built Fort Frontenac, which is located in modern day Kingston, Ontario and approximately 40 kilometres east of Ganneious. The establishment of the fort had a significant impact on Ganneious; French missionaries made several attempts to encourage the population in Ganneious to resettle closer to the Fort, in order to Christianize, Europeanize and encourage them to learn trades and farm. In 1675, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Father Louis Hennepin undertook a journey to Ganneious to convince the Oneida settled there to relocate closer to Fort Frontenac. One of Hennepin's accounts suggests that he was successful and able to convince some people from Ganneious to move and settle around the fort:[8]
While the Brink of the Lake was frozen, I walk'd upon the Ice to an Iroquese village call'd Ganneouse, near to Kente, about nine Leagues off the fort, in company of Sieur de la Salle above-mention'd. These Savages presented us with the Flesh of Elks and Porcupines, which we fed upon. After having discours'd them some time, we return'd, bringing with us a considerable number of the Natives, in order to form a little Village of about Forty Cottages to be inhabited by them, lying betwixt the Fort and our House of Mission.
— Louis Hennepin, A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America
In June 1687, under pressure from King Louis XIV to capture 'prisoners of war for his galleys'[citation needed] the inhabitants of Ganneious were rounded up and held as captives by Jacques Rene de Brisay de Donneville. Donneville departed Montreal in June 1687 with 2,700 men. The troops took 200 prisoners from Kente and Ganneious and destroyed both villages.[9] After 1687, all seven Iroquois Villages on the northern shore of Lake Ontario were abandoned.
Starting from 1696, the village was the location of a Mississauga settlement, but was not occupied until 1721.[3]:10-11
Iroquois villages edit
By the late 1660s various groups of Iroquois had established seven villages along the shores of Lake Ontario where trails led off into the interior. In addition to Ganneious, the following settlements have been identified by Historian Percy James Robinson:[10]
- Kente – on the Bay of Quinte
- Kentsio – on Rice Lake
- Ganaraske – on the site of present day Port Hope
- Ganatsekwyagon – at the mouth of the Rouge River
- Teiaiagon – at the mouth of the Humber River
- Quinaouatoua (or Tinawatawa) – Near modern day Hamilton
Fiction edit
Author Gerald Richardson Brown has written a work of historical fiction, Road to Ganneious, which is set in Hay Bay during the 17th and 18th century.[citation needed]
References edit
- ^ "G - Canadian Indian Villages, Towns and Settlements". Access Genealogy: A Free Genealogy Resource. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
- ^ Frederick Webb Hodge (1 July 2003). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico Volume 1/4 A-Z. Digital Scanning Inc. pp. 487–. ISBN 978-1-58218-748-8.
- ^ a b McLeod, Alan (August 30, 2019). DISCUSSION DRAFT The Third Crossing Project Report on Indigenous Consultation (PDF) (Report). Retrieved June 29, 2020.
- ^ Robinson, Percy J. (2019). Toronto During the French Regime. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 243. doi:10.3138/9781487584504-019. ISBN 9781487584504. Retrieved Feb 18, 2022.
- ^ Grant Karcich (30 March 2013). Scugog Carrying Place: A Frontier Pathway. Dundurn. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-4597-0752-8.
- ^ Francis Parkman (1927). Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV. Library of Alexandria. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-1-4655-2326-6.
- ^ Berthold Fernow; Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan (1855). Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Weed, Parsons. pp. 362–.
- ^ Adams, Nick (1986). "Iroquois Settlement at Fort Frontenac in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries" (PDF). Ontario Archaeology (46): 9–10. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
- ^ Barr, Daniel P. (2006). Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America. Westport CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 87. ISBN 9780275984663.
- ^ Marcel, C.M.W. "Iroquois origins of modern Toronto". counterweights. Retrieved 4 February 2014.