Fort Venango was a small British fort built in 1760 near the present-day site of Franklin, Pennsylvania. It replaced Fort Machault, a French fort built at the confluence of French Creek and the Allegheny River. In August 1759, near the end of the French and Indian War, after the French surrender of Fort Niagara to the British, the French burned Fort Machault and retreated north. Fort Venango was built during summer 1760. It was attacked and destroyed in June 1763 during Pontiac's War.
| Fort Venango | |
|---|---|
| Near Franklin, Pennsylvania, United States | |
  Fort Venango Former location of the Fort Venango in Pennsylvania | |
| Coordinates | 41°23′22″N 79°49′20″W / 41.38932°N 79.82217°W |
| Type | Fort |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United Kingdom |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1760 |
| In use | 1760-1763 |
| Materials | Wood |
| Battles/wars | Pontiac's Rebellion |
| Designated | October 10, 1971 |
Background
editWith the capture of Fort Duquesne by the British in November 1758, and the capture of Fort Niagara in July 1759, the French were forced to withdraw from Pennsylvania, abandoning and burning Fort Machault, Fort Le Boeuf, and Fort Presque Isle in August 1759. General Robert Monckton held a conference with Native American leaders and obtained their permission to build and maintain forts in western Pennsylvania.[1]
Construction
edit
According to the History of Venango County (1879):
- "At this place an entirely new site was selected, and a new fort erected. Fort Machault was so thoroughly dismantled that there was nothing valuable left. The site for the new work was about forty rods higher up the river, and nearer the mouth of French Creek...It was a much more permanent and substantial work than that of the French...The general outline was a square, with bastions projecting from the curtains. The enclosed area was eighty-eight feet square, with a blockhouse in the center. This was surrounded by a ditch twenty-four feet in width. Outside of this was the embankment, about eight feet in width, with bastions of earth on each side, and completely commanding all the angles of the fort."[2]: 65
The British named the fort after the nearby Lenape village, Venango, derived from the Native American name, Onenge, meaning otter.[3]
Destruction, 1763
edit
On June 16 1763, during Pontiac's War, Fort Venango was captured by Seneca and Mingo warriors[4] led by the Seneca chief Guyasuta,[5]: 8 gaining entrance to the fort by pretending to be unarmed and friendly.[6]: 30 [7]: 64–65 [8]: 418 According to one account, the commander, Lieutenant Francis Gordon, recognized Guyasuta, having negotiated with him several times before, and allowed him and a group of warriors to enter the fort.[9]: 99–100 Another source states that the warriors pretended to be playing ball outside the fort, and when the ball flew over the wall, they ran in after it, then attacked the garrison.[10]: 59 They killed the 16 soldiers of the garrison, then knocked on the door of the commander's office in the blockhouse. Lieutenant Gordon, unaware of the attack, opened the door and was captured.[11]: 20 The warriors forced him to write a letter detailing why the Indians had risen against the British. He recorded two complaints:
- "First, the scarcity & Dearness of [gun]Powder for these two years past being obliged to pay 2 Dearskins for a Gill of Powder...and that when they complained, they were Ill-treated & never Redressed; Secondly, that the many Posts which the English kept possession of Induced them to believe they Intended to possess all their country; for all which they were Determined to Destroy them."[12]: 211
The warriors then subjected Gordon to ritual slow torture and burned him to death at the stake,[13]: 167–68 after which they burned Fort Venango to the ground.[2]: 65–66 Two Onondaga warriors described these events to Sir William Johnson in July 1763.[12]: 211 [1] Another source reports that a woman who was at the fort and was taken prisoner, later described its capture.[10]: 59
When General Jeffery Amherst learned what had happened to Lieutenant Gordon, he wrote to Colonel Henry Bouquet, "No Punishment We can Inflict is Adequate to the Crimes of those Inhumane Villains."[14]: 268
Aftermath
editWhen the survivors of the attack on Fort Le Boeuf reached Fort Venango a few days later, they found the burnt corpses of its garrison lying in the fort's smoking ruins.[1] The site of the fort served as a parade ground for troops during the American Revolutionary War, then the earth was repurposed during the construction of the town of Franklin, Pennsylvania.[10]: 60
Memorialization
editA historical marker is located where the fort formerly stood, on 8th and Elk Streets (US 322), in Franklin.[15] It was erected on October 10, 1971 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.[16] A stone roadside marker nearby reads: "Site of Fort Venango, erected by the English in 1760; taken and burned by Indians, 1763."[17]
References
edit- ^ a b c George Dallas Albert, Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, Vol. 1, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1896
- ^ a b J. H. Newton, ed. History of Venango County, Pennsylvania: And Incidentally of Petroleum, Together with Accounts of the Early Settlement and Progress of Each Township, Borough and Village, with Personal and Biographical Sketches of the Early Settlers, Representative Men, Family Records, Etc. J. A. Caldwell, 1879.
- ^ Charles M. Stotz, Outposts of the War for Empire: The French and English in Western Pennsylvania: Their Armies, Their Forts, Their People, 1749-1764 Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985
- ^ "Fort LeBoeuf French and Indian War Museum," Fort Leboeuf Historical Society, 2021
- ^ Harper, Rob. Unsettling the West: Violence and State Building in the Ohio Valley. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018; pp 8-9
- ^ Blacksnake., Williams, Benjamin. Chainbreaker: The Revolutionary War Memoirs of Governor Blacksnake as Told to Benjamin Williams. University of Nebraska Press, 2005.
- ^ Draper, Lyman Copeland, Cardinal, Jaré R. Notes Of Border History; Taken on a Trip to the western part of Penna., & the adjoining parts of N. Y. & Ohio. RAJ Publications, 2016.
- ^ Sipe, Chester Hale. The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania: An Account of the Indian Events, in Pennsylvania, of the French and Indian War, Pontiac's War, Lord Dunmore's War, the Revolutionary War and the Indian Uprising from 1789 to 1795; Tragedies of the Pennsylvania Frontier Based Primarily on the Penna. Archives and Colonial Records. Telegraph Press, 1931.
- ^ Nester, William R., Haughty Conquerors: Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2000.
- ^ a b c Bell, Herbert C., History of Venango County, Pennsylvania: its past and present, Chicago : Brown, Runk & Co., 1890
- ^ Thomas R. Church, "Operational Art in Pontiac's War," Master's Thesis, United States Army School of Advanced Military Studies, US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, May 2015
- ^ a b Historical Collections and Researches of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, vol XIX; The Society, Lansing: Robert Smith & Co., 1892.
- ^ Peckham, Howard H. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising, University of Chicago Press; 1947
- ^ Brumwell, Stephen. White Devil: A True Story of War, Savagery, and Vengeance in Colonial America. Hachette Books, 2009.
- ^ "Fort Venango Historical Marker," Explore PA History, 2023
- ^ Mike Wintermantel, "Fort Venango," May 31, 2011
- ^ "Fort Venango," 15 August 2012