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Fiorinia is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) with around 70 species. The species are widely distributed around the world, however, the large majority of them are found in Asia. They infest woody plants like forest or crop trees, palm trees and shrubs.[1] Several species are invasive and 7 species have been introduced into North America.[2]
| Fiorinia | |
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| A) underside of hemlock leaf infested by Fiorinia externa B) close up | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Diaspididae |
| Subfamily: | Diaspidinae |
| Tribe: | Diaspidini |
| Subtribe: | Fioriniina |
| Genus: | Fiorinia Targioni Tozzetti, 1869[1] |
Type species: Fiorinia pellucida Targioni Tozzetti, 1868, a synonym of Fiorinia fioriniae.[1]
Description edit
The species of Fiorinia are "pupillarial" scales, meaning the scale cover is formed by the second-instar female and the adult female remains inside the second-instar exuviae. Apart from this feature, the genus is similar morphologically to the genus Pseudaulacaspis, with small differences in the marginal gland spines and the dorsal macroducts.[1] Both genera together with several others form the subtribe Fioriniina. The relationship within this subtribe has been established by a molecular phylogenetic analysis.[3]
The scale cover is elongated and has a length of around 1.0–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in). The individual species may be characterized by the size and colour pattern of the adult female, the structure of the pygidium, other features and the morphology and colour of the males.[1]
Biology edit
The host range typically includes several plant families and may be very large for some species. For example, 19 plant families, 26 plant genera and more than 40 plant species are listed as hosts for Fiorinia theae. The three main groups of host plants are 1) broad-leaved trees and shrubs, 2) conifers and 3) palm trees.[1]
Distribution edit
The large majority of species can be found in tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and the Pacific Islands. Distribution records from other regions are often indicative of accidental introductions from Asia.[2][1][4]
Importance edit
Several species are regarded as agricultural pests. These include:
- Fiorinia externa, the elongated hemlock scale, a species native to eastern Asia that has been accidentally introduced into eastern North America, where it infests hemlock (Tsuga) and other conifers.
- Fiorinia phantasma, the phantasma scale, a pest of palm trees, other ornamentals and some fruit trees which is found in various regions.
- Fiorinia theae, the tea scale, a widely distributed and polyphagous species which infests, apart from tea, various wild and cultivated shrubs and trees like citrus and Ilex species.
List of species edit
The genus includes around 70 species, in the following, the more common ones are listed:
- Fiorinia arengae
- Fiorinia distinctissima
- Fiorinia drimydis
- Fiorinia euryae
- Fiorinia expansa
- Fiorinia externa
- Fiorinia ficicola
- Fiorinia fioriniae
- Fiorinia formosensis
- Fiorinia horii
- Fiorinia japonica
- Fiorinia juniperi
- Fiorinia linderae
- Fiorinia minor
- Fiorinia phantasma
- Fiorinia phoenicis
- Fiorinia pinicola
- Fiorinia proboscidaria
- Fiorinia quercifolii
- Fiorinia rhododendri
- Fiorinia saprosmae
- Fiorinia smilaceti
- Fiorinia taiwana
- Fiorinia theae
- Fiorinia turpiniae
- Fiorinia vacciniae
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g "Fiorinia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868". ScaleNet. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ a b Ahmed, Muhammad Z.; Moore, Matthew R.; Rohrig, Eric A.; McKenzie, Cindy L.; Lui, Di; Feng, Jinian; Normark, Benjamin B.; Miller, Douglass R. (2021). "Taxonomic and identification review of adventive Fiorinia Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae) of the United States". ZooKeys (1065): 141–203. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1065.69171.
- ^ Normark, Benjamin B.; Okusu, Akiko; Morse, Geoffrey E.; Peterson, Daniel A.; Itioka, Takao; Schneider, Scott A. (2019). "Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae)". Zootaxa. 4616 (1): 1–98. doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4616.1.1.
- ^ "Fiorinia Targioni-Tozzetti, 1869". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 8 April 2024.