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Delhi's ethnic groups are diverse. The Yamuna river's flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The original natives of Delhi are those whose ancestors lived in the Yamuna basin, a region which spreads radially from the capital up to a distance of approximately 200 kilometres.[1] Today the migrant population consists largely of Punjabis, Bengalis and recently, Biharis.[2]
During parts of the British Raj, Delhi was made a district city of the Punjab Province of British India.[3] This province was not ethnically homogeneous and large amounts of Hindi speakers resided in the southeast, now Haryana and Delhi.
Caste and politics
A 2013 The Pioneer report estimates Jats to be only 5.5% of the total electorate and Brahmins comprising 13-15% of Delhi's population. .[4][5]
According to a 2015 India TV article, the major voter social groups include Hindu (88%), Muslims (12%), and around 2 million Uttarakhandis.[6][7]
Brahmins dominated politics in Delhi for many decades.[8] Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus.[9][10][11]
In the 2015 Legislative Assembly election, 12 out of Delhi's 70 constituencies were reserved for scheduled caste (Dalit) candidates because of dominant Dalit population.[12]
Migrants
The Indian censuses record the native languages, but not the descent of the citizens. Linguistic data cannot accurately predict ethnicity: for example, many descendants of the Punjabi Hindu and Sikh refugees who came to Delhi following the partition of India now speak Hindi natively. Thus, there is no concrete official data on the ethnic makeup of Delhi.[11]: 8–10
Delhi is an ancient city, and the people residing in the Yamuna River basin were the original natives of the city.[11]: 12 However, being a historical capital and prominent city, Delhi has always attracted a large number of immigrants. When the capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, a substantial number of government personnel, especially from the Bengal, migrated to Delhi.[11]: 19 Following the partition of India in 1947, a large number of people migrated to Delhi. These included a large number of Punjabis (with a relatively small number of Sindhis), which led to the characterisation of Delhi as a "Punjabi city". According to the first census right after partition, the 1951 census, Delhi had a total population of 1,744,072 people which included:[11]: 20
| Place of birth of Delhiites in 1951 | Number of people |
|---|---|
| Delhi | 717,310 |
| Pakistan (mainly West Punjab and East Bengal) | 474,744 |
| Uttar Pradesh (including present-day Uttarakhand) | 262,098 |
| East Punjab (including present-day Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab) | 162,468 |
| Rajasthan | 48,592 |
By 1991, the number of those born outside Delhi was 3.7 million (out of a total population of 9.4 million). Most of these included immigrants from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar (1.75 million) and Rajasthan (0.23 million). However, these neighbouring states are themselves ethnically diverse, so it is hard to use this data for determining the ethnic make-up of Delhi.[11]: 19 There are also a large number of immigrants from the East Indian states of Jharkhand, Orissa and Bengal. The number of South Indians is relatively less, with most of them coming from Kerala and Tamil Nadu. There are also several immigrants from the North-East India, who have migrated to Delhi because of the conflicts and bad economy in their native states.[13] Today Hindi and Punjabi are still the most widely spoken languages in Delhi and have become the lingua franca.[14] English is the principal written language of the city and the most commonly used language in government work and in Delhi's huge financial sector. In addition to Hindi, Punjabi and English, Urdu also has official language status in Delhi.[15][16]
See also
References
- ^ Memorandum submitted to the States Re-Organisation Commission Regarding Greater Delhi, 1 May 1954, quoted in Shiv Charan Gupta, Delhi: The City of Future, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1987, pp. 146–156.
- ^ Percival Spear, Delhi: The Stop-Go Capital: A Summation, p. 32, in RE Frykenberg, (editor), Delhi Through the Ages: Selected Essays in Urban History, Culture and history. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.
- ^ Kumar, Rajesh (13 November 2013). "Delhi's Jats: From farmers to determined political climbers". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ^ "Fight for Brahmin votes intensifies". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ^ https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/key-to-50-seats-on-aap-radar-voters-from-uttarakhand-4617486/
- ^ Singh, Raj (6 February 2015). "Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders". India TV. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ "534 Sanjay Kumar, A tale of three cities". india-seminar.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ "Delhi Assembly Elections 2015: Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site". India TV News. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
- ^ Jupinderjit Singh (February 2015). "Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election". tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f Sanjay Yadav (2008). The Invasion of Delhi. Worldwide Books. ISBN 978-81-88054-00-8.
- ^ Singh, Darpan; Haidder, Faizan (25 December 2014). "For Delhi, the Dalit die is caste". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Duncan McDuie-Ra (2012). Northeast Migrants in Delhi: Race, Refuge and Retail. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-90-8964-422-0.
- ^ Demographics of North India by P.S. Rawat p. 186
- ^ "Know about Delhi Fast Facts, Area, population, Geographical Location, Languages". 6 July 2019.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
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