Ethernan (or Ithernan, Etharnan, Itarnan) was a 7th century Scottish martyr and saint. The focus of his cultus was the Isle of May.[1]
Life and death
editAlmost nothing is known about Ethernan's life. It has been speculated that he may have been a monk of Iona due to his death being mentioned in the Annals of Ulster. In 669 the Annals of Ulster record the following entry: Itarnan et Corindu apud Pictores defuncti sunt. This has traditionally been translated as "Ethernan and Corindu died among the Picts".[2] However, Thomas Clancy has analysed the use of the word "apud" in Hiberno-Latin chronicles and concluded that the correct translation is "Ethernan and Corindu were killed by the Picts", making Ethernan and Corindu both martyrs.[3] Clancy also writes that Ethernan and Corindu may have been "Gaels who died in foreign lands, but neither name is well known in Ireland, and both may rather be Pictish".[3] He may have been a monk at the Isle of May monastery rather than Iona, since he is thought to be buried in the monastic cemetery there.[4] Simon Taylor and Gilbert Márkus speculate in Place-Names of Fife that the name recorded in the annal is a Gaelic translation of an original P-Celtic name.[5]
Veneration
editEthernan
editEthernan is traditionally believed to have been buried on the Isle of May, which became the centre of his cult after his death.[5] He was culted in several places in Scotland, such as Kilrenny, Madderty and Aberdeenshire, and a saint of the same name was also culted in Wales.[6][5] Archaeological evidence suggests that pilgrims came to the Isle of May to pray at his shrine and that a healing cult developed around his shrine.[4]
According to the analysis of Katherine Forsyth, the saint's name is inscribed in ogham on the Scoonie Stone in Fife, Rodney's Stone in Morayshire, and possibly the Fordoun Stone in Kincardineshire.[7][8][9] In Kilrenny, he was nicknamed Saint Irnie and sometimes erroneously identified with Saint Irenaeus of Lyons. Fishermen used the steeple of "Saint Irnie's" church as a landmark when at sea, and in Anstruther some people would pray to him when the steeple came into sight.[10]
Conflation with Adrian
editAt some point during the Middle Ages, Ethernan got conflated with another figure from the Isle of May called Adrian. Adrian was said to have been killed by Viking raiders in 875, and his shrine attracted pilgrims for the next several centuries. While it is possible that a monk called Adrian was killed by Vikings on the island, this cult is most likely a misremembering of Ethernan from a time when the Picts had ceased to function as an ethnic group within Scotland and ancient martyrdoms in Britain and Ireland were commonly attributed to Vikings.[4] In later medieval legends, such as those recorded in the Aberdeen Breviary, Ethernan and Adrian were again treated as two entirely separate saints.
After the churches of Anstruther Easter and Anstruther Wester merged in the 20th century, the former became known as St Adrian's Parish Church, and the latter became known as St Adrian's Church Hall.[11][12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Benedictines of Ramsgate, The Book of Saints (1989), p. 192
- ^ Charles-Edwards, T.M. (2006). The Chronicle of Ireland. p. 157.
- ^ a b Clancy, Thomas Owen (2008). "Deer and the early church in North-Eastern Scotland". In Forsyth, Katherine (ed.). Studies on the Book of Deer. pp. 375–77.
- ^ a b c Yeoman, Peter (1998). "Pilgrims to St Ethernan: the Archaeology of an Early Saint of the Picts and Scots". In Crawford, Barbara E. (ed.). Conversion and Christianity in the North Sea World. St Andrews. pp. 75–91.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c Taylor, Simon; Márkus, Gilbert (2009). The Place-Names of Fife, Vol. 3: St Andrews and the East Neuk. pp. 323–26.
- ^ "Saints in Scottish Place-Names - Ethernan, Iternan (ns)". saintsplaces.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Scoonie (31328)". Canmore. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Brodie, Rodney's Stone (15529)". Canmore. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Auchenblae, Fordoun Parish Church, Fordoun Stone (36458)". Canmore. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Fife Place-name Data :: Kilrenny". fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Anstruther Parish Church - Anstruther Easter, Fife - Places of Worship in Scotland | SCHR". scottishchurches.org.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "The Anstruther Church - Anstruther Wester, Fife - Places of Worship in Scotland | SCHR". scottishchurches.org.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2019.