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Ender's Game

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This article is about the novel. For the titular series, see Ender's Game (novel series). For other uses, see Ender's Game (disambiguation).

Ender's Game is a 1985 military science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card. Set at an unspecified date in Earth's future, the novel presents an imperiled humankind after two conflicts with an insectoid alien species they dub "the buggers". In preparation for an anticipated third invasion, Earth's international military force recruits young children, including the novel's protagonist, Andrew "Ender" Wiggin, to be trained as elite officers. The children learn military strategy and leadership by playing increasingly difficult war games, including some in zero gravity, where Ender's tactical genius is revealed.

Ender's Game
Cover shows a futuristic airplane landing on a lighted runway.
1985 first edition (hardcover)
AuthorOrson Scott Card
Cover artistJohn Harris
LanguageEnglish
SeriesEnder's Game series
GenreScience fiction
PublisherTor Books
Publication date
January 1985
Publication placeUnited States/Canada
Media typePrint (Hardcover, Paperback & Ebook)
Pages324
ISBN0-312-93208-1
OCLC23355613
Followed bySpeaker for the Dead 

The book originated as a short story of the same name, published in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact.[1] The novel was published on January 15, 1985. Later, by elaborating on characters and plotlines depicted in the novel, Card wrote additional books in the Ender's Game series. Card released an updated version of Ender's Game in 1991, changing some political facts to account for the then-recent dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The novel has been translated into 34 languages.

Reception of the book has been mostly positive. It has become suggested reading for many military organizations, including the United States Marine Corps.[2] Ender's Game was recognized as "best novel" by the 1985 Nebula Award[3] and the 1986 Hugo Award[4] in the genres of science fiction and fantasy. Its four sequels—Speaker for the Dead (1986), Xenocide (1991), Children of the Mind (1996), and Ender in Exile (2008)—follow Ender's subsequent travels to many different worlds in the galaxy. In addition, the later novella A War of Gifts (2007) and novel Ender's Shadow (1999), plus other novels in the Shadow saga, take place during the same time period as the original.

A film adaptation of the same name, written for the screen and directed by Gavin Hood, and starring Asa Butterfield as Ender, was released in October 2013. Card co-produced the film.[5] The novel has also been adapted into two comic book series.

Synopsis

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War breaks out between humans and an insect-like alien race called the Formics. The humans achieve a narrow victory, create the International Fleet (I.F.), and train gifted children to become commanders at their orbiting Battle School.

Andrew "Ender" Wiggin is born a "Third": a rare exception to Earth's two-child policy, allowed by the government due to the promise shown by his two older siblings. The eldest, Peter, is an intelligent sociopath who bullies Ender. His sister, Valentine, is deeply empathic. The I.F. removed Ender's monitoring device when he was six years old, seemingly ending his chances of Battle School. He is bullied by a fellow student, Stilson, but Ender violently attacks him. Unbeknownst to Ender, Stilson later dies from his wounds. Colonel Hyrum Graff visits Ender after hearing about the fight. Ender attests that by showing superiority now, he has prevented future struggle. Graff offers him a place in the Battle School.

Once at Battle School, Graff and the other leaders covertly work to keep Ender isolated. Ender finds solace in playing a simulated adventure game that involves being killed by and eventually killing a giant. The cadets participate in competitive war simulations in zero gravity, where Ender quickly masters the competition with novel tactics. To further wear Ender down, he is promoted to command a new army composed of raw recruits, then pitted against multiple armies at once, but Ender's success continues. Ender's jealous ex-commander, Bonzo Madrid, draws him into a fight outside the simulation, and once again seeking to preemptively stop future conflicts, Ender uses excessive force, and Bonzo dies from his injuries without Ender being notified.

Meanwhile on Earth, Peter Wiggin uses a global communication system to post political essays under the pseudonym "Locke", hoping to establish himself as a respected orator and then as a powerful politician. Valentine, despite not trusting Peter, agrees to publish alongside him as "Demosthenes". Their essays are soon taken seriously by the government and the people.

Ender, now ten years old, is promoted to Command School. After some preliminary battles in the simulator, he is introduced to Mazer Rackham, a hero from the Formic war who saw key patterns in the Formic behavior. Ender participates in space combat simulations created and controlled by Mazer. As the fighting becomes harder, he is joined by some of his friends from the Battle School as sub-commanders. Ender grows depressed by the battles, his isolation, and the way Mazer treats him.

For his final test, under observation by I.F.'s commanders, Ender finds his fleet far outnumbered by Formic ships surrounding their homeworld. He sacrifices his entire fleet to fire a Molecular Disruption Device at the planet. The Device destroys the planet and paralyzes the surrounding Formic fleet. The commanders cheer and celebrate. Mazer informs Ender that the "simulations" were real battles, directing human spacecraft against Formic fleets via an ansible and that Ender has won the war. Ender realizes that he has committed genocide and become just like Peter, additionally learning about the deaths of Stilson and Bonzo.

Ender and Valentine join a group of space colonists. On their new planet, Ender becomes the colony's governor. He discovers a structure that matches the simulation of the giant game from Battle School and inside finds the dormant egg of a Formic queen. The queen telepathically communicates to Ender that before the first Formic war, they had assumed humans were a non-sentient race, for want of collective consciousness, but realized their mistake too late. Instead, she had reached out to Ender to draw him here and requested that he take the egg to a new planet for the Formics to colonize.

Ender takes the egg and, with information from the queen, writes The Hive Queen under the alias "Speaker for the Dead". Peter, now the leader of Earth and 77 with heart failure, recognizes Ender as the author of The Hive Queen. He asks Ender to write a book about him, which Ender titles The Hegemon. The combined works create a new type of funeral, in which the Speaker for the Dead tells the whole and unapologetic story of the deceased, adopted by many on Earth and its colonies. Ender and Valentine leave the colony and travel to other worlds, looking for a safe place to establish the unborn Hive Queen.

Creation and inspiration

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The original "Ender's Game" is a short story that provides a small snapshot of Ender's experiences in Battle School and Command School; the full-length novel encompasses more of Ender's life before, during, and after the war, and also contains some chapters describing the political exploits of his older siblings back on Earth. In a commentary track for the 20th anniversary audiobook edition of the novel, as well as in the 1991 Author's Definitive Edition, Card stated that Ender's Game was written specifically to establish the character of Ender for his role of the Speaker in Speaker for the Dead, the outline for which he had written before novelizing Ender's Game.[6] Additionally, in the post-script of the 20th anniversary audiobook edition, Card mentions that he named Ender so that he could have a name that sounded like "endgame" from chess.[7] In his 1991 introduction to the novel, Card discussed the influence of Isaac Asimov's Foundation series on the novelette and novel. Historian Bruce Catton's work on the American Civil War also influenced Card.[6]

Ender's Game was the first science-fiction novel published entirely online, when it appeared on Delphi a year before print publication.[8]

Critical response

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Ender's Game won the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985,[9] and the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986,[10] considered the two most prestigious awards in science fiction.[11][12] Ender's Game was also nominated for a Locus Award in 1986.[4] In 1999, it placed No. 59 on the reader's list of Modern Library 100 Best Novels. It was also honored with a spot on American Library Association's "100 Best Books for Teens". In 2008, the novel, along with Ender's Shadow, won the Margaret A. Edwards Award, which honors an author and specific works by that author for lifetime contribution to young adult literature.[13] Ender's Game was included in Damien Broderick's book Science Fiction: The 101 Best Novels 1985–2010.[14] It ranked number nine on Locus's top SF novels published before 1990.[15]

The New York Times writer Gerald Jonas asserts that the novel's plot summary resembles a "grade Z, made-for-television, science-fiction rip-off movie", but says that Card develops the elements well despite this "unpromising material". Jonas further praises the development of the character Ender Wiggin: "Alternately likable and insufferable, he is a convincing little Napoleon in short pants."[16]

The novel has received criticism for its portrayal of violence and its justification. Elaine Radford's review, "Ender and Hitler: Sympathy for the Superman", posits that Ender Wiggin is an intentional reference by Card to Adolf Hitler and criticizes the violence in the novel, particularly at the hands of the protagonist.[17] Card responded to Radford's criticisms in Fantasy Review, the same publication. Radford's criticisms are echoed in John Kessel's essay "Creating the Innocent Killer: Ender's Game, Intention, and Morality", wherein Kessel states: "Ender gets to strike out at his enemies and still remain morally clean. Nothing is his fault."[18] Noah Berlatsky makes similar claims in his analysis of the relationship between colonization and science fiction, where he describes Ender's Game as in part a justification of "Western expansion and genocide".[19] However, more recently, science fiction scholar Mike Ryder has refuted the claims of Kessel and Radford, arguing that Ender is exploited by powers beyond his control.[20]

The U.S. Marine Corps Professional Reading List makes the novel recommended reading at several lower ranks, and again at Officer Candidate/Midshipman.[21] The book was placed on the reading list by Captain John F. Schmitt, author of FMFM-1 (Fleet Marine Force Manual, on maneuver doctrine) for "provid[ing] useful allegories to explain why militaries do what they do in a particularly effective shorthand way".[22] In introducing the novel for use in leadership training, Marine Corps University's Lejeune program opines that it offers "lessons in training methodology, leadership, and ethics as well. . . . Ender's Game has been a stalwart item on the Marine Corps Reading List since its inception".[22] It is also used as an early fictional example of game-based learning.[23]

Accolades

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Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Amazon.com United States Best of the Century: Best Books of the Millennium Poll[24] 1999
32
Locus United States Best 20th Century Science Fiction Novels: Reader's Poll[25] 2012
2
Modern Library United States Modern Library 100 Best Novels: Reader's List[26] 1999
59
NPR United States Top 100 Science Fiction, Fantasy Books: Readers' Poll[27] 2011
3
Publishers Weekly United States Bestselling Science Fiction Novels of 2012[28] 2012
1
Science Channel United States Top 10 Sci-fi Books of All Time[29] 2013
5

The weeks ending June 9, August 11, September 1, September 8, October 27, November 3, November 10, and November 24, 2013, the novel was No. 1 on The New York Times' Best Sellers List of Paperback Mass-Market Fiction.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]

Revisions

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In 1991, Card made several minor changes to reflect the political climates of the time, including the decline of the Soviet Union. In the afterword of Ender in Exile (2008), Card stated that many of the details in chapter 15 of Ender's Game were modified for use in the subsequent novels and short stories. In order to more closely match the other material, Card has rewritten chapter 15 and plans to offer a revised edition of the book.[38]

Adaptations

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Film

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Main article: Ender's Game (film)

After several years of speculation on the possibility, Summit Entertainment financed and coordinated the development of a film in 2011, serving as its distributor.[39][40] Gavin Hood directed the film, which lasts 1 hour and 54 minutes.[41][42] Filming began in New Orleans, Louisiana, on February 27, 2012,[43] and was released on November 1, 2013 (USA).[44] A movie preview trailer[45] was released in May 2013 and a second trailer[46] was released later that year.

Card has called Ender's Game "unfilmable", "because everything takes place in Ender's head", and refused to sign a film deal unless he could ensure that the film was "true to the story". Of the film that he eventually agreed to, Card said it was "the best that good people could do with a story they really cared about and believed in", and while warning fans not to expect a completely faithful adaptation, called the film "damn good".[47]

The movie starred Asa Butterfield as Ender Wiggin and Harrison Ford as Colonel Hyrum Graff. It grossed $125 million worldwide,[48] and received mixed reviews from critics.[49]

Video game

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In 2008, it was announced an Ender's Game video game was in the works.[50] It was to be known as Ender's Game: Battle Room and was a planned digitally distributed video game for all viable downloadable platforms.[51] It was under development by Chair Entertainment, which also developed the Xbox Live Arcade games Undertow and Shadow Complex. Chair had sold the licensing of Empire to Card, which became a bestselling novel. Little was revealed about the game, save its setting in the Ender universe and that it would have focused on the Battle Room.[51]

In December 2010, it was announced that the video game development had stopped and the project put on indefinite hold.[52]

Orson Scott Card and Amaze Entertainment also came to an agreement regarding a video game adaption of the novel but nothing ever materialized.[53]

Comics

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Main article: Ender's Game (comics)

Marvel Comics and Orson Scott Card announced on April 19, 2008, that they would be publishing a limited series adaptation of Ender's Game as the first in a comic series that would adapt all of Card's Ender's Game novels. Card was quoted as saying that it is the first step in moving the story to a visual medium.[54] The first five-issue series, titled Ender's Game: Battle School, was written by Christopher Yost, while the second five-issue series, Ender's Shadow: Battle School, was written by Mike Carey.[55]

Audioplay

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Ender's Game Alive: The Full Cast Audioplay, is a 2013 audio drama written by Orson Scott Card, based on the Ender's Game novel. At over seven hours in length, this retelling of Ender's Game hints at storylines from "Teacher's Pest", "The Polish Boy", "The Gold Bug", Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow of the Giant, Shadows in Flight, Earth Unaware, and Speaker for the Dead, and gives new insight into the beginnings of Ender's philotic connection with the Hive Queen. Ender's Game Alive is directed by Gabrielle de Cuir, produced by Stefan Rudnicki at Skyboat Media, published by Audible.com, and performed by a cast of over 30 voice actors playing over 100 roles.[56][57]

Audible also commissioned a German-language adaptation of the same script. Titled Ender's Game/Das grosse Spiel - Das ungekürzte Hörspiel ("The unabridged audio drama"), this adaptation was produced by "Lauscherlounge", directed by Balthasar von Weymarn and performed by a cast of 100 different voice actors including children.[58]

Translations

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Ender's Game has been translated into 34 languages:

  • Albanian: Loja e Enderit ("Ender's Game").
  • Bulgarian: Играта на Ендър ("Ender's Game").
  • Catalan: El joc de l'Ender ("Ender's Game"), 2000.
  • Chinese: 安德的游戏 (pinyin：Ān dé de yóu xì) ("Ender's Game"), 2003.
  • Croatian: Enderova igra ("Ender's Game"), 2007.
  • Czech: Enderova hra ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
  • Danish: Ender's strategi ("Ender's Strategy"), 1990.
  • Dutch: Ender Wint, De Tactiek van Ender ("Ender Wins", "The Tactics of Ender"), 1989, 1994 (two editions)
  • Estonian: Enderi mäng ("Ender's Game"), 2000.
  • Finnish: Ender ("Ender"), 1990.
  • French: La Stratégie Ender ("The Ender Strategy"), 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001.
  • Galician: O xogo de Ender ("Ender's Game"), 2011
  • Georgian: ენდერის თამაში (enderis TamaSi) ("Ender's Game"), 2015.
  • German: Das große Spiel ("The Big Game"), 1986, 2005.
  • Greek: Το παιχνίδι του Έντερ (Tǒ pehníthi too Ender) ("Ender's Game"), 1996.
  • Hebrew: המשחק של אנדר (Ha-Misḥaq šel Ender) ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
  • Hungarian: Végjáték ("Endgame"), 1991.
  • Italian: Il gioco di Ender ("Ender's Game").
  • Japanese: エンダーのゲーム (Endā no Gēmu) ("Ender's Game"), 1987.
  • Korean: 엔더의 게임 (Endeoŭi Geim) ("Ender's Game"), 1992, 2000 (two editions).
  • Latvian: Endera spēle ("Ender's Game"), 2008.
  • Lithuanian: Enderio Žaidimas ("Ender's Game"), 2007
  • Norwegian: Enders spill ("Ender's Game"), 1999.
  • Persian: بازی اندر (Bazi ē Ender) ("Ender's Game"), 2011
  • Polish: Gra Endera ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
  • Portuguese: O Jogo do Exterminador ("The Game of the Exterminator") (Brazil).
  • Portuguese: O jogo final ("The Final Game") (Portugal).
  • Romanian: Jocul lui Ender ("Ender's Game").
  • Russian: Игра Эндера (Igra Endera) ("Ender's Game"), 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003 (two editions).
  • Slovene: Enderjeva igra ("Ender's Game"), 2010.
  • Serbian: Eндерова игра (Enderova igra) ("Ender's Game"), 1988.
  • Spanish: El juego de Ender ("Ender's Game").
  • Swedish: Enders spel ("Ender's Game"), 1991, 1998.
  • Thai: เกมพลิกโลก ("The Game that Changed the World"), 2007.
  • Turkish: Ender'in Oyunu ("Ender's Game").
  • Ukrainian: Гра Ендера ("Ender's Game"), 2013.
  • Vietnamese: Trò chơi của Ender ("Ender's Game"), 2014.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Short Stories by Orson Scott Card". Hatrack River Enterprises Inc. 2009. Archived from the original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  2. ^ "Commandant's Professional Reading List - Primary Level Enlisted". Library of the Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  3. ^ "1985 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Archived from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  4. ^ a b "1986 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Archived from the original on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  5. ^ Sneider, Jeff (29 November 2011). "Asa Butterfield locks 'Ender's Game'". Variety. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b Card, Orson Scott (1991). "Introduction". Ender's Game (Author's definitive ed.). New York: Tor Books. ISBN 0-8125-5070-6.
  7. ^ Card, Orson Scott (2004). Ender's Game Unabridged ed (Audiobook). New York, NY: Macmillan Audio. pp. Author's Postscript.
  8. ^ D'Ignazio, Fred (December 1986). "What Is Compute! Doing Here?". Compute!. p. 90. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  9. ^ Mann, Laurie (22 November 2008). "SFWA Nebula Awards". dpsinfo.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  10. ^ "The Hugo Awards By Year". World Science Fiction Society. 9 December 2005. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  11. ^ "The Locus Index to SF Awards: About the Hugo Awards". Locus Publications. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
  12. ^ "The Locus Index to SF Awards: About the Nebula Awards". Locus Publications. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
  13. ^ "Books written by Orson Scott Card". 2014-09-09. Archived from the original on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  14. ^ "Science Fiction: The 101 Best Novels 1985–2010 — Nonstop Press". Nonstop-press.com. 2012-05-05. Archived from the original on 2013-04-26. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
  15. ^ "Locus Best SF Novels of All-Time". Worlds Without End. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  16. ^ Jonas, Gerald (1985-06-16). "SCIENCE FICTION". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  17. ^ "Ender and Hitler: Sympathy for the Superman (20 Years Later)". Elaine Radford. 2007-03-26. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  18. ^ Kessel, John (2004). "Creating the Innocent Killer: Ender's Game, Intention, and Morality". Science Fiction Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-12-27. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  19. ^ Noah Berlatsky (April 25, 2014). "Why Sci-Fi Keeps Imagining the Subjugation of White People". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  20. ^ Ryder, Mike (2023). "The Literature of Drones: Ethics and Remote Killing in Ender's Game". Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction (144).
  21. ^ "USMC Professional Reading Program (website)". Reading List by Grade. Marine Corps University. 2014-12-13. Archived from the original (Website) on 2014-12-14. Retrieved 2014-12-13.
  22. ^ a b "Ender's Game Discussion Guide" (PDF). USMC Professional Reading Program. Marine Corps University. 2009-09-25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-24. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
  23. ^ Pellegrino, Joseph; Scott, Amy (2004). "The Transition from Simulation to Game-Based Learning". Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.5486.
  24. ^ "Locus Online: Books and Publishing News, November 1999, Page 3". Locusmag.com. 1999-11-23. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  25. ^ "Locus Roundtable » All-Time Novel Results, 2012". Locusmag.com. 2012-12-22. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  26. ^ Search for a Title or Author. "100 Best Novels « Modern Library". Modernlibrary.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2013-11-09. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  27. ^ "Your Picks: Top 100 Science-Fiction, Fantasy Books". NPR. 2011-08-11. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  28. ^ "Ender's Game". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
  29. ^ Sci Fi (2012-10-11). "Top 10 Sci-fi Books of All Time : Science Channel". Science.discovery.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  30. ^ "Paperback Mass-Market Fiction". The New York Times. 2013-06-09. Archived from the original on 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
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  34. ^ "Paperback Mass-Market Fiction". The New York Times. 2013-10-27. Archived from the original on 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  35. ^ "Paperback Mass-Market Fiction". The New York Times. 2013-11-03. Archived from the original on 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  36. ^ "Paperback Mass-Market Fiction". The New York Times. 2013-11-10. Archived from the original on 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
  37. ^ "Paperback Mass-Market Fiction". The New York Times. 2013-11-24. Archived from the original on 2017-01-27. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
  38. ^ "Ender in Exile". Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2008-12-04. Audio edition, Macmillan Audio, Nov 2008
  39. ^ Gallagher, Brian. "Ender's Game Lands at Summit Entertainment". MovieWeb. Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  40. ^ McNary, Dave (Apr 28, 2011). "Summit plays 'Ender's Game'". Variety. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  41. ^ "Gavin Hood Attached to Ender's Game". comingsoon.net. September 21, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
  42. ^ Zeitchik, Steven (September 20, 2010). "Gavin Hood looks to play 'Ender's Game'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  43. ^ Christine (2012-03-01). "'Ender's Game' begins filming at the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans". Onlocationvacations.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
  44. ^ "Ender's Game Trailer, News, Videos, and Reviews". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
  45. ^ "Ender's Game Trailer". Summit Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
  46. ^ "Ender's Game Trailer 2". Summit Entertainment. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-08-15. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
  47. ^ "Orson Scott Card Talks About 'Ender's Game' Book And Movie". Neon Tommy. 2013-04-20. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
  48. ^ "Ender's Game". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  49. ^ "Ender's Game Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  50. ^ "L. Kietzmann (2008) – Undertow team creating Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game's game". 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  51. ^ a b Croal, N'Gai (January 29, 2008). "Exclusive: Chair Entertainment's Donald and Geremy Mustard Shed Some Light On Their Plans For 'Ender's Game'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  52. ^ "Ender's Game tabled by Chair". Joystiq. December 14, 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  53. ^ "Orson Scott Card interview — Atari computers & computer games - YouTube". YouTube. 18 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  54. ^ Penagos, Ryan (May 12, 2008). "NYCC '08: Marvel to Adapt Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game Series". Marvel Characters, Inc. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  55. ^ "Enders Shadow Battle School #1 (of 5)". Things From Another World, Inc. 1986–2009. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  56. ^ "Ender'S Game Alive – The Full Cast Audioplay By Orson Scott Card". Skyboat Media. 2013-10-01. Archived from the original on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  57. ^ Skyboat Media Plus (2013-10-04). "Orson Scott Card – Author of Ender's Game Alive on Vimeo". Vimeo.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  58. ^ "Ender's Game - Das ungekürzte Hörspiel von Orson Scott Card". Audible. 2013-10-01. Archived from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
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