Eike of Repgow (German: Eike von Repgow, also von Repkow, von Repko, von Repchow or von Repchau; c. 1180 – c. 1233) was a medieval German administrator who compiled the Sachsenspiegel code of law in the 13th century.
Life
editLittle is known about Eike of Repgow, but he is mentioned in several documents dating from the period between 1209 and 1233.[1] He was a scion of the Eastphalian gentry and it is thought that his family were vassals of the Magdeburg archbishops. His ancestors had moved to the Gau of Serimunt, south of Magdeburg, in the 12th century, where they acquired land in the village of Reppichau (in present-day Saxony-Anhalt). Other members of the family are mentioned earlier in 1156 and 1159.[2] From his mention in court proceedings in 1209 it is inferred that he was born around 1180. Lack of mentions after 1233 suggests that he died shortly after that.[2]
From the prologue to the Sachsenspiegel it is clear that Eike could read Latin as well as German. It is not actually known if he could write, since it was quite common, at the time, to employ scribes. He was versed both in Canon and Roman law; so it is thought that he was educated at a cathedral school, possibly in Halberstadt, or more likely at Magdeburg under Archbishop Wichmann von Seeburg.[3]
It is clear that he was a respected personage, but his precise place in the feudal hierarchy is not known with certainty, since he is sometimes listed among the free nobles and sometimes among the bondsmen (Dienstmannen). Eike of Repgow may have been a bondsman of Count Henry I of Anhalt or of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein, who then served as Vogt of Quedlinburg Abbey. Nevertheless, he was probably a free noble, one of the so-called schöffenbar freie, which entitled him to sit in the Thing (baron's court). One theory is that he was of noble birth, but like many others, became a ministerialis or bondsman, while retaining his noble status.[2]
Works
editSachsenspiegel
editEike of Repgow translated the Sachsenspiegel at the behest of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein between 1220 and 1233.[4] It was intended by its compiler to document existing, customary law, not to create new law. The work is of great significance not only as the first German legal code but also as one of the first major works of Middle Low German prose. As the author writes in the verse prologue of the Sachsenspiegel, he first wrote it in Latin and later, with some reluctance, at the wishes of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein, translated it into German.
The Latin version of the first part, on Landrecht (common law), has been lost, but the second part, on Lehensrecht (feudal law) was, as is now believed, preserved. This is the Vetus auctor de beneficiis, which is written in verse. There was a debate as to whether this was the Latin original of the part of the Sachsenspiegel on feudal law or a later translation of it into Latin, and for some time the latter view prevailed. However, the current consensus is that the Vetus auctor de beneficiis is indeed the Latin original of the feudal law section of the Sachsenspiegel.[2][5][6]
Where the original was compiled is unclear. It was thought to have been written in Quedlinburg or at Falkenstein Castle in the Harz Mountains, but Peter Landau, an expert in medieval canon law recently suggested that it may have been written at the Cistercian abbey of Altzelle (now Altzella).[7]
Sächsische Weltchronik
editAnother work, the Sächsische Weltchronik has been dated about 1260 and also been attributed to Eike, but this is now thought unlikely.[2]
Commemoration
edit
There are monuments to Eike of Repgow in Magdeburg, Dessau, Reppichau and Halberstadt and at Falkenstein Castle in the Harz Mountains. There is a square named after him in Berlin, and there is an open-air museum devoted to him and the Sachsenspiegel in his village of Reppichau. There are also schools named after Eike of Repgow in Halberstadt and Magdeburg.
The Eike of Repgow prize, which comes with a statuette of Eike, a certificate, and 5,000 euros, is awarded jointly by awarded annually by the city of Magdeburg and the Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg for academic work of a historical or legal nature.[8]
Famous words
editThe origin of the modern German saying "Wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst" ("first come, first served", literally he who comes first, grinds first) can be traced to Eike of Repgow, who wrote (in the Sachsenspiegel) Die ok irst to der molen kumt, die sal erst malen (in modern English: He who comes to the mill first shall grind first).
References
edit- ^ According to the Reppicau Web site Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Eike of Repgow is mentioned in seven documents:
- 1156: On December 28 "Eico and Arnolt de Ripechowe" as witnesses at the Landgericht held by Margrave Albert the Bear in Wörbzig
- 1209: "Eico de Ripichowe" named as a witness in a document in which Johann and Walter of Giebichenstein transfer ownership of a castle to the Bishop of Naumburg.
- 1215: Count Hoyer of Falkenstein and "Hecco de Repechowe" listed as witnesses to legal transactions between the Kollegatstift Coswig and Count Henry of Aschersleben, who later became Prince of Anhalt.
- 1218: On May 1 "Heiko von Repchowe" witnessed the transfer of property from the Margrave Dietrich von Meißen to Altzella Abbey.
- 1219: The name "Eico von Repechowe" is mentioned, together with that of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein, in a document in which Prince Henry of Anhalt ended a legal dispute with the Stift Goslar.
- 1224: "Eico von Ribecowe" is names as a witness at the Landding of the County of Eilenburg in Delitzsch, which was convened under the presidency of Landgraf Louis of Thüringen.
- 1233: "Eico von Repechowe" is mentioned on a deed of gift by Margraves Johann and Otto of Brandenburg to the benefit of Berge Monastery.
- ^ a b c d e Eike of Repgow (2006) [1475]. "Der Verfasser". In Clausdieter Schott (ed.). Der Sachsenspiegel / Eike von Repgow. edited by Clausdieter Schott. Manesse-Bibliothek der weltliteratur (in German). translation of Landrecht by Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand; epilogue and translation of Lehenrecht by Clausdieter Schott (3rd rev. ed.). Zürich: Manesse (Random House). ISBN 3-7175-1656-6.
- ^ Mathilde Diederich (Staatssekretärin im Ministerium der Justiz Sachsen-Anhalt) (1999-10-15). "Laudatio für Eike von Repgow anläßlich der Festveranstaltung zu Ehren Eike von Repgow aus Anlass des 60. Geburtstages von Prof. Dr. Krause am 15.0ktober 1999" [Eulogy of Eike of Repgow on the occasion of the sixtieth birthday of Professor Krause on October 15, 1999] (in German). Rechtsgeschichte-life. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ^ "Mirror of the Saxons". World Digital Library. 1295–1363. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
- ^ Karl Kroeschell (1998-04-27). "Lehnrecht und Verfassung im deutschen Hochmittelalter". forum historiae iuris (in German). ISSN 1860-5605. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
- ^ Karl August Eckhardt, ed. (1964). "Auctor vetus de beneficiis I: Lateinische Texte". Monumenta Germaniae Historica digital Fontes iuris Germanici antiqui, Nova series (Fontes iuris N. S.) 2,1, 1964) (in German). Monumenta Germaniae Historica. pp. 9ff. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
- ^ The suggestion that the Sachsenspiegel was written at Altzelle was made in a paper given by Professor Landau at the Deutscher Rechtshistorikertag 2004 and later published in an article (Landau, Peter: Die Entstehungsgeschichte des Sachsenspiegels: Eike von Repgow, Altzelle und die anglo-normannische Kanonistik; Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 2005, Vol 61, No. 1, pp 73-101), cited at the German Wikipedia article on Kloster Altzella and http://www.rechtsbuchforschung.de Archived 2007-02-09 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Eike von Repgow Preis Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
Additional sources
edit- Hiram Kümper (2005). "Repgow, Eike von". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 24. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1208–1213. ISBN 3-88309-247-9.
- Article on Eike of Repgow by the radio station MDR (in German)
Further reading
edit- Eike of Repgow (1999). The Saxon Mirror: a Sachsenspiegel of the fourteenth century / [Eike von Repgow]. Transl. by Maria Dobozy. The Middle Ages Series. Dobozy, Maria (translator). Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3487-1.
