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Nawayath Sultanate | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late 13th century–1350s | |||||||||||||
| Status | Independent Kingdom until 1340 A.D. Subordinate to Unknown Kingdom of Gersoppa from 1340.[1] | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Honnavar | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Konkani Kannada Nawayathi | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||||||
• Late 13th Century–Early 14th Century | Hasan Nakhuda | ||||||||||||
• Early 14th century–1350 | Jamaluddin Nakhuda | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Medieval | ||||||||||||
• Established | Late 13th century | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1350s | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | India | ||||||||||||
Nawayath Sultanate (13th century C.E. to 14th Century C.E.) also known as Hunnur Sultanate or Kingdom of Honnavar was a tiny kingdom in the coast of karavali present-day Uttara Kannada district of karnataka, it was established by Nawayath Merchant Hasan Nakhuda in Hospattan, a village in Honnavar. Initially it was an independent kingdom, in 1340, Harihara-nripala, the king of unknown kingdom of Gersoppa (which was controlling eastern part of nawayath sultanate) under whose suzerainty the sultan jamaluddin was ruling.
The sultanate has patronized many the architectural work, but it is under ruins or inhabitable or it hasbeen vanished from the map of history, including the mosque built by sultan hasan Nakhuda which resembles grand mosque of Baghdad, the Mirjan Fort[2] and the fort of Hospattan in Honnavar.
Origin
editThe sultan hasan and jamaluddin were from nawayath descendent of arab community. The term has been given different meaning by different authors, the suyuthi describe Nawayath as the as the corrupt word of Banu-Wayat it means children of wayat who the the descendent of abdullah-Wayat.[3] on the other hand jafar Sharif states the origin differently that it is originated from arabic word 'Nuwa-A-ay-t'hay' which means 'newcomer'.[4] Wilk supports the meaning given by jafar Sharif but he describe the word Nevayet has the indian origin which may be the corruption of Hindustani and Marathi term.[5] another opinion is that it is apperently a Konkani word connected with Sanskrit nava (i.e., new) and implying new convert.[6]
By Collaborating all the opinions of above and many others victor D'souza concluded by critisizing and not satisfying with those opinion. he state that it is not possible that the word navayat is the common corruption of the terms for "newcomer " in different languages. Nor is it probable that the people speaking different languages selected the Sanskrit words, by common consent as it were, to name these newcomers. and other terms like those who came by boat or new converts, also cannot be regarded as being correct. and He found sailors as reasonable meaning of Navayats.[3]
History
editHasan Nakhuda
editJamaluddin Nakhuda's father, according to Ibn-e Batuta's narrative, erected a huge mosque similar to grand Mosque of Baghdad after capturing Sindapur and founded a city there.[7] Hasan Nakhuda may have served as governor of Sindapur under Kadambas, like in the 11th century, a Muslim named Sadhan, son of Muhammad of Arabia, who served as governor.[1]
Jamaluddin Nakhuda
editSultan Jamaluddin Muhammed was pious to his religious duties and was one of the powerful rular in the coast of Kanara. Tribute were paid to him by Malabar king on yearly basis because of his miritime power, In 1338, Vira Ballala III stationed his army at Barkur to check agressive activities of Sultan jamaluddin which was threatening to overthrow the alupa king,[8] the brother-in-law and vassal of Vira Ballala III.[1] In 1343, a fleet of 52 vessels departed for Sindapur upon receiving a message from the king of Sindapur's son, leading to the capture of Sindapur. Subsequently, in 1344, the king of Sindapur launched a surprise assault while the Sultanate's army was scattered throughout the region, with no available information on the outcome of this conflict.[9]
Cultural Influence
editHindus and jains were impacted by the Religious and Moral code of Muslims. When it comes to the Art of fighting, and they imitate Muslims, while in the ground force and navy, the majority of officers were Muslim. Conversely, the livelihood of Muslims was shaped by Jains. It was common to use hot water and rice, yet wheat could be readily imported from other nations. Each individual was provided with a separate plate and spoon for dining. Moreover, on a plate with rice, various types of curries were placed, a practice influenced by Hindus that persists to this day.[10]
Mžik says that shaikh Muhammed Nagauri Considered his male and female slaves unclean and didnot have his food prepared by them because of his belief in untouchability.[7][11]
Mahdi Husain rejects Mžik's remark about untouchability. According to him, the aforementioned shaikh was a saint with strict habits who carefully avoided any chance of contamination or impurity when performing his devotional practice. For this reason, he was concerned about his servent.[7]
Education
editThere were 13 educational institutions dedicated to the education of female students, while 23 schools catered to the male student population. Furthermore, the female population during that historical period displayed a remarkable proficiency in memorizing the Quran. It is evident that there is a surplus of individuals holding the titles of alim and fazil residing within the specified geographical region.[10]
Travellers
editFriar Jordanus
editIn the year 1328, a French missionary and explorer embarked on a visit to the kingdom, during which he meticulously documented a detailed and succinct narrative recounting his expedition to Bhatigala, a place also recognized as Bhatkal. Historical records indicate that the ruler of Bhatigala was affiliated with the Saracens, denoting his adherence to the Islamic faith. According to the insights of Yule, it is probable that Jordanus was making a veiled reference to the sovereign of Honnavar, thereby shedding light on the intricate web of political and religious dynamics prevalent during that era.[12]
Ibn Battuta
editThe Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta visited the sultanate in 1343. According to Ibn Battuta, "The sultan of Hunnur, Jamal-ud-din Muhammad, son of Hasan, is one of the best and most powerful rulers, but he is subordinate to a heathen raja (Sultan) named Haryab." He met Faqqi Ismail Qazi of Bhatkal and the local Qazi Nuruddin Ali, and received hospitality from Shaikh Muhammed Nagauri (an-Naqauri). He speaks about their social, economic, religious, cultural, and administrative factors. He fought a battle of Sindapur alongside them and returned with victory; a year later, under uncertain circumstances, he was unable to return to Hunnur without giving further account.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c Moraes, George M. (1939). "Haryab of Ibn Batuta". Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 15: 37–42.
- ^ Vyjay, Sandy N. (2019). "Karnataka's forgotten fort". Deccan Herald.
- ^ a b S. D'souza, Victor (1955). "The Navayats Of Kanara (1955)". Kannada Research Institute Dharward.
- ^ Herklots, Gerhard Andreas; Sharif, Ja'far (1832). "Qanoon-e-Islam, or, the Customs of the Moosulmans of India : compromising a full and exact account of their various rites and ceremonies from the moment of birth till the hour of death". London : Parbury, Allen.
- ^ Wilks, Mark (1989). "Historical sketches of the South of India in an attempt to trace the history of Mysore : from the government of that state, extinction of the Mohammedan Dynastu in 1799, founded chiefly on Indian authorities. Vol 1". New Delhi : Asian Educational Services.
- ^ Yule, Henry; Burnell, A. C. (Arthur Coke) (1886). "Hobson-Jobson : being a glossary of Anglo-India colloquial words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive". London : Murray.
- ^ a b c d Battuta, Ibn (1976). Husain, Mahdi (ed.). The Rehla of Ibn Battuta. Oriental Institute Baroda. pp. 177–181.
- ^ Rao, Nagendra (April 2024). "The Emergence of Maritime Polity in Goa (Tenth Century to Fifteenth Century CE)". War in History. 31 (2): 111–127. doi:10.1177/09683445231161225. ISSN 0968-3445.
- ^ Moraes, George M (1931). The Kadamba Kula. Bombay B X Furtado And Sons.
- ^ a b Nadvi, Syed Abu Zafar (1947). Mukhtasar Tareekh i Hind (in Urdu). pp. 160–162.
- ^ Battuta, Ibn (1911). Mžik, Hans von (ed.). Die reise des Arabers Ibn Ba???a durch Indien und China (14. jahrhundert) (German Edition). University of Michigan Library.
- ^ Jordanus, Catalani (1863). Yule, Henry (ed.). Mirabilia descripta : the wonders of the East. London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society.