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Draft:Anion and Metal Removal by Indian Technology

  • Comment: You re-submitted without bothering to change any of the wording so it does not read like an advert. Don't waste my time. Qcne (talk) 09:57, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
  • Comment: This just reads like an advert. This is prohibited. Qcne (talk) 09:53, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
  • Comment: Also the tone of the article is still heavily promotional, which doesn't help Sohom (talk) 06:46, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
  • Comment: Non of the third-party sources mention AMRIT Technology. Sohom (talk) 06:45, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

AMRIT, short for Anion and Metal Removal by Indian Technology, represents an affordable and sustainable solution for ensuring access to clean drinking water in region grappling with iron, arsenic, and fluoride contamination..[1][2]. Its development can be attributed to the efforts of the Indian scientist Thalappil Pradeep and his team at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India[3]. This technology has since been tailored to tackle a broader range of pollutants, such as uranium[4].

Drinking water contamination edit

People primarily rely on two major sources of drinking water. The first being surface water, derived from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs, while the second source is groundwater[5].

Surface water contamination, compounded by increasingly erratic weather patterns driven by climate change, has led a significant portion of the population to rely exclusively on groundwater as their primary water source[6][7]. Common contaminants found in groundwater include arsenic, fluoride, uranium, lead, mercury, chromium, manganese, iron, selenium, nitrate etc. While some of these elements are beneficial in low concentrations, excessive intake through the food can result in various adverse health effects, including cancer, chronic kidney failure, osteoporosis, skin conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and various respiratory ailments[8][9][10][11][12].

 
Figure 1. (A) Schematic of a filtration using nanomaterials. Contaminated water is passed through nanomaterials. (B) High resolution transmission electron microscopy images of the active particles showing nanostructures.

Considering that millions of people consume contaminated groundwater for drinking purposes worldwide, treatment technologies require significant attention.[13]

AMRIT technology edit

The AMRIT system operates by passing water through a composite filtration unit, which removes contaminants such as anions such as arsenate and arsenite as well as heavy metals such as uranium, chromium, etc., making the treated water safe for human consumption. With its high efficiency, the AMRIT purification process meets the international safety standards[1][2]. This technology has been widely implemented in water purifiers in the worst arsenic and iron-affected regions of India, using different models, ranging from small household units of 10 litres a day, to large scale community units of millions of liters per day[14][15].

 
Figure 2. Set-up used for laboratory scale filtration of arsenic (As3+ and As5+) and iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) contaminated water using a cartridge containing AMRIT materials fitted with a porous clay prefilter. B) Arsenic concentration in the water using a 60 g cartridge with the input as shown in A), inset (a) is the cartridge having 20 g adsorbent, inset (b) is iron output for the same input. The photographs of granular material before (black) and after (brown) arsenic adsorption are in the inset.

Older technologies for similar applications used activated alumina for the removal of arsenic and fluoride from the drinking water and its adsorption capacity was extremely poor. As a result, large quantities of activated alumina were used. During the purification process, traces of alumina might also get into the drinking water and its prolonged consumption may lead to neurological disorders[16]. In addition, the sludge obtained from the purification process using activated alumina causes re-contamination to the environment[17].

Materials used in AMRIT are prepared by an exceptionally simple procedure using water-based synthesis at room temperature[18]. The materials employed in this technology have been engineered to enhance contaminant adsorption capacity; and the nanoparticles are tightly bound in a matrix to prevent leaching[19]. [Figure 1]

Iron removal edit

The AMRIT system offer efficient iron removal (From 50 ppm to below 100 ppb) with minimal contact time, resulting in reduced treatment costs, smaller filtration units, and low-pressure operation with less maintenance requirements[20].

Arsenic removal edit

The AMRIT composition is highly effective at removing arsenic from water, capable of handling up to 5 ppm in the input water, with an output below the detection limit [Figure 2][18].

 
Figure 3. Schematic representation of home unit for iron and arsenic removal.

Field implementation edit

 
Figure 4. Photograph of AMRIT community unit installed in a state of Punjab, India. Oxidizer vessel though which air is pumped into the water for oxidation of Fe (II) to Fe(III), (B) Iron removal vessel for removing colloidal iron, (C) Arsenic removal vessel for removing arsenic (III and V) and (D) Polisher vessel for removing any foul smell or other impurities from the purified water.

Prof. Pradeep and his team have implemented this technology as an affordable and sustainable point-of-use water purification devices in many regions of India that are severely affected by iron and arsenic contamination[21]. It provides arsenic and iron-free water to over 1.3 million people daily. With over 2000 community installations and 25,000 home units distributed nationwide, the technology has proven to be affordable, sustainable, and scalable[22][23]

Implementations to make Punjab arsenic free

It is available from home units (10 liters to 100 liters per day) to community units. The community treatment units have been implemented at capacities ranging from 25,000 liters to 2,000,000 liters per day, with a cost lower than USD 0.003 per liter, including all equipment, consumables, and maintenance costs put together[15][14].

The technology has been applied in various forms [Figure-3] and [Figure. 4]. Implementations, spread across arsenic affected belt of the country, are constantly monitored and local communities are also trained for its regular upkeep.

As part of an early international implementation, the International Centre for Clean Water (ICCW), IIT Madras, India in collaboration with Rural Water Sanitation Team (RWST), an organization working in WASH program in Cambodia conducted several trials of AMRIT household (HH) units in various regions of Cambodia, including Kandal province where the arsenic concentration in groundwater exceeds 500 parts per billion (ppb). As part to promote access to safe drinking water, more than 300 HH units have been distributed in various regions of Cambodia[24].

The AMRIT community unit is intended for online use, where water from the bore well is treated and stored in an overhead reservoir. The treated water then flows through the existing distribution network under gravity[25]

Recognition of technology edit

Prof. Pradeep was awarded the VinFuture Special Prize 2022, dedicated for Innovators from Developing Countries for his development of a low-cost filtration system to remove arsenic and other heavy metals from drinking water [26]. His contributions in developing such solutions have received other prestigious awards worldwide, such as the Nikkei Asia Prize [27]and the Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz International Prize for Water [28][29][30][31][32].

Professor received Padma shri which is one of the highest civilian honours of India[33]

Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water (PSIPW)

Approval edit

AMRIT technology was approved by the Dr. R.A. Mashelkar Committee, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Sakti, Government of India.[20][2]

Various State authorities have approved AMRIT technology and implemented it in their states [15][14][21][34].

References edit

  1. ^ a b "This IIT Madras Prof is using "AMRIT" to fight arsenic contaminated water". India Today. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  2. ^ a b c "PROCESS INNOVATION/BEST PRACTICES". ejalshakti.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  3. ^ "Indian scientists develop low-cost arsenic water filter". The Third Pole. 2016-01-22. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  4. ^ Mohita, B. (2023-09-06). "IIT Madras Prof T Pradeep's AMRIT filters saving lives from arsenic contamination". Ground Report. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  5. ^ "Water Sources | Public Water Systems | Drinking Water | Healthy Water | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  6. ^ Famiglietti, J. S. (November 2014). "The global groundwater crisis". Nature Climate Change. 4 (11): 945–948. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..945F. doi:10.1038/nclimate2425. ISSN 1758-6798.
  7. ^ "Water contamination and pollution - A growing challenge for health and biodiversity | India Water Portal". www.indiawaterportal.org. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  8. ^ "Drinking water contaminants". 17 May 2012.
  9. ^ Idrees, Nida; Tabassum, B.; Abd_Allah, Elsayed Fathi; Hashem, Abeer; Sarah, Robeena; Hashim, Mohammad (2018). "Groundwater contamination with cadmium concentrations in some West U.P. Regions, India". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 25 (7): 1365–1368. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.07.005. PMC 6252039. PMID 30505182.
  10. ^ "Study finds 'Acute Fluoride Contamination' in groundwater in Dhanbad villages". Hindustan Times.
  11. ^ Wu, Ruohan; Xu, Lingqian; Polya, David A. (2021). "Groundwater Arsenic-Attributable Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Mortality Risks in India". Water. 13 (16): 2232. doi:10.3390/w13162232.
  12. ^ "Potential Well Water Contaminants and Their Impacts". 6 May 2015.
  13. ^ Sharma, S.; Bhattacharya, A. (2017-06-01). "Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques". Applied Water Science. 7 (3): 1043–1067. Bibcode:2017ApWS....7.1043S. doi:10.1007/s13201-016-0455-7. ISSN 2190-5495. S2CID 114716184.
  14. ^ a b c Jeevajalam - Arsenic free drinking water - Documentary, retrieved 2023-10-17
  15. ^ a b c Arsenic free drinking water, retrieved 2023-10-17
  16. ^ Bondy, Stephen C. (2010-09-01). "The neurotoxicity of environmental aluminum is still an issue". NeuroToxicology. Gene-Environment Interactions in Neurotoxicology: The 12th Biennial Meeting of the International Neurotoxicology Association. 31 (5): 575–581. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2010.05.009. ISSN 0161-813X. PMC 2946821. PMID 20553758.
  17. ^ Krewski, Daniel; Yokel, Robert A; Nieboer, Evert; Borchelt, David; Cohen, Joshua; Harry, Jean; Kacew, Sam; Lindsay, Joan; Mahfouz, Amal M; Rondeau, Virginie (2007-11-16). "Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 10 (sup1): 1–269. Bibcode:2007JTEHB..10S...1K. doi:10.1080/10937400701597766. ISSN 1093-7404. PMC 2782734. PMID 18085482.
  18. ^ a b Kumar, Avula Anil; Som, Anirban; Longo, Paolo; Sudhakar, Chennu; Bhuin, Radha Gobinda; Gupta, Soujit Sen; Anshup; Sankar, Mohan Udhaya; Chaudhary, Amrita; Kumar, Ramesh; Pradeep, Thalappil (February 2017). "Confined Metastable 2-Line Ferrihydrite for Affordable Point-of-Use Arsenic-Free Drinking Water". Advanced Materials. 29 (7). Bibcode:2017AdM....2904260K. doi:10.1002/adma.201604260. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 27918114. S2CID 205273753.
  19. ^ Sankar, Mohan Udhaya; Aigal, Sahaja; Maliyekkal, Shihabudheen M.; Chaudhary, Amrita; Anshup; Kumar, Avula Anil; Chaudhari, Kamalesh; Pradeep, Thalappil (2013-05-21). "Biopolymer-reinforced synthetic granular nanocomposites for affordable point-of-use water purification". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (21): 8459–8464. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.8459S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1220222110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3666696. PMID 23650396.
  20. ^ a b "AMRIT Report" (PDF).
  21. ^ a b "Towards an Arsenic Free Punjab".
  22. ^ "Indian scientists develop low-cost arsenic water filter".
  23. ^ "This IIT Madras Prof is using "AMRIT" to fight arsenic contaminated water". India Today.
  24. ^ "Our Engagement Models – ICCW INDIA". Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  25. ^ "Pradeep Research Group" (PDF).
  26. ^ "SPECIAL PRIZE FOR INNOVATORS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES".
  27. ^ "IIT-Madras Professor T Pradeep chosen for Nikkei Asia Prizes 2020". Economic Times.
  28. ^ "IIT-Madras professor bags award for water purification technology". Times of India.
  29. ^ "IIT Madras Prof. T. Pradeep Chosen as laureate of prestigious Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water".
  30. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (2022-12-28). "IIT Madras professor wins international prize". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  31. ^ "10th Award - PSIPW Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water- جائزة الأمير سلطان بن عبد العزيز العالمية للمياه". www.psipw.org. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  32. ^ Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water (PSIPW), retrieved 2023-10-17
  33. ^ "Meet the educators that were honored with the Padma awards 2021". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  34. ^ "Water that Heals" - A Travelogue, retrieved 2023-10-17
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