The Congaree were a historic Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands who once lived within what is now central South Carolina, along the Congaree River.
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Extinct 40[1] (1715) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| On Congaree River near present-day Columbia, South Carolina.[1] Later on Waccamaw River in Horry County, South Carolina[2] | |
| Languages | |
| Unclassified Possibly Siouan[1] | |
| Religion | |
| Native American religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Catawba,[1] Keyauwee, Santee,[2]Wateree[2] |
The Congaree joined the Catawba people in company of the Wateree several years after temporarily migrating to the Waccamaw River in 1732.[2]
They spoke a language distinct from and unintelligible to local Siouan languages. The language today is unclassified, though, some linguists believe that the language was related to Catawba.
Territory
editThe Congaree lived along the Santee and Congaree rivers, above and below the confluence of the Wateree River, in central South Carolina. According to James Mooney's 1894 history of the Siouan tribes, the Congaree occupied territory between the Santee tribe downriver of them and the Wateree tribe above.[3]
Language
edit| Congaree | |
|---|---|
| Region | South Carolina |
| Extinct | 18th century |
unclassified | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
071 | |
| Glottolog | None |
English explorer John Lawson noted in 1709 that members of the Congaree tribe were distinguishable from other nearby tribes by their appearance, customs, and language.[4] During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American scholars thought the Congaree were likely part of the Siouan language family, given their geographic location and characteristics of neighboring tribes like the Catawba.[1]
During the middle of the 18th century, Congaree was considered one of the languages spoken by Catawba people.[2]
Since the late 20th century, scholars have suggested that the Congaree people did not speak a Siouan language due to their language not being intelligible to their immediate Siouan-speaking neighbors, the Wateree.[5] Linguist Blair A. Rudes suggested that the name "Congaree" is possibly a rendering of kųkari• Catawban for 'over there, out of sight'.[6] He noted that if this is the case, the name is an exonym and not the name members of the tribe would have called themselves.[6]
History
edit17th century
editIn Native American practice, people taken as captives in warfare, particularly women and children, were often enslaved. European colonists encouraged the tribes to take and sell Indian captives into their domestic slave trade. By 1693, the Congaree, Esaw, and Savannah slave-catchers had pursued the Cherokee as "objects of the slave trade to the extent that a tribal delegation was sent" to Governor Thomas Smith. They sought protection, claiming that Cherokee had been sold in the Charles Town slave market.[7][8][9]
In 1698, the Congaree lost "most tribe members to smallpox." The Native Americans suffered high mortality from new infectious diseases that had become endemic for centuries among Europeans, leading to some acquired immunity for the latter.[10]
18th century
editThe English explorer John Lawson encountered the survivors in 1701, apparently on the northeastern bank of the Santee River below the junction of the Wateree. Lawson described their village as consisting of about a dozen houses, located on a small creek flowing into the Santee River. He described them as a small tribe that lost population due to tribal feuds and raids, but especially by smallpox which had depopulated whole villages.[3] A 1715 map shows their village as located on the southern bank of the Congaree and considerably above the previous area, perhaps near Big Beaver Creek, or about opposite the future site of Columbia, on the eastern boundary of Lexington County. They may have been moving upriver to get further from English colonists.
At that time, Keyauwee Jack, a Congaree by birth, had become chief of the Keyauwee by marriage.[11]
During the Tuscarora War of 1711, the Congaree fought on the side of English colonist John Barnwell, who raised a militia.[8] In early 1715, John Barnwell took a census that identified the Congaree as living in one village, with a total population of 22 men and 70 women and children.[12]
During the Yamasee War of 1715–17, the Congaree joined with other tribes in the fight against the colony of South Carolina. Over half were either killed or enslaved by the colonists and Cherokee; some were sent into slavery in the West Indies.[13] Following that, surviving Congaree moved upriver and joined the Catawba, with whom they were still living in 1743.[14]
In 1718, Fort Congaree was established near the Congaree village, near today's Columbia. It became an important trading station and a European-American settlement formed around it.[3]
In the subsequent decades, Congaree survivors merged with the larger Catawba people. Different tribes lived in their own villages within the loose Catawba federation of peoples. The Congaree maintained their distinction until the late 18th century, as they had a language different from the Siouan Catawba, but they became extinct as a tribe. Their descendants intermarried with the Catawba and other peoples of the confederation.
Based on colonial accounts, American anthropologist James Mooney (1928) described the historic Congaree as: "A friendly people, handsome and well built, the women being especially beautiful compared with those of other tribes."[14]
Legacy
editSome members of the present-day Catawba and other tribes of the Carolinas are likely genetic descendants of the Congaree, among others.
Namesakes of the tribe include:
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 93. ISBN 9780806317304. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Hicks, Theresa M.; Taukchiray, Wes (1998). South Carolina Indian Traders and Other Ethnic Connections Beginning in 1670 (1st ed.). Spartanburg, SC: The Reprint Company. p. 50. ISBN 0-87152-508-9.
- ^ a b c Mooney, James (1894). The Siouan Tribes of the East: James Mooney. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ Lawson, John (1967). A New Voyage to Carolina. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 35. ISBN 0807841269. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ James Hart Merrell, The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. p. 110
- ^ a b Rudes, Blair; Blumer, Thomas J.; May, J. Alan (2004). "Catawba and Neighboring Groups". Handbook of North American Indians. 14, Southeast: 316.
- ^ Patrick Neal Minges. "All my Slaves, whether Negroes, Indians, Mustees, Or Molattoes". Archived from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ a b Joseph Norman Heard (1987). Handbook of the American Frontier: Four Centuries of Indian-White Relationships : The Southeastern Woodlands. Scarecrow Press. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-0-8108-1931-3. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
- ^ Lauber (1913). Indian Slavery in Colonial Times. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
- ^ "History & Culture - Congaree National Park". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ "Keyauwee Indians". Access Genealogy. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ Gallay, Alan (2002). The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-1717. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10193-7.
- ^ "South Carolina Indian Tribes". Access Genealogy. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- ^ a b "Congaree Indian Tribe History". 9 July 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
External links
edit- "Conagree", South Carolina Indians
- "The Congaree" Archived 2007-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, SCGenWeb
- Wes Taukchiray (1985). A Summary of the History of the Congaree Nation of Indians from 1712 to 1760. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
- Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (1854). "An Essay on the Antiquities of the Congaree Indians of South Carolina, by Rev. Geo Howe". Historical and Statistical Information, Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States: Coll. and Prepared Under the Direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Per Act of Congress of March 3rd 1847. Lippincott, Grambo. ISBN 9780598563460. Retrieved 2 December 2012.