The Clayton Windmills, known locally as Jack and Jill, stand on the South Downs above the village of Clayton, West Sussex, England. They comprise a post mill and a tower mill, and the roundhouse of a former post mill. All three are Grade II* listed buildings.[1]
Setting and access edit
The windmills stand atop the South Downs with views of the Sussex Weald. They are seven miles north of the city of Brighton and Hove. As well as Jack and Jill, the roundhouse of Duncton Mill survives, located a short distance east of Jack.
The mills are accessible by road at the end of Mill Lane from the A273 road where it crosses the South Downs. There is free parking in the car park beside the mills.[citation needed]
History of the mills edit
Duncton Mill edit
| Duncton Mill | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Origin | |
| Grid reference | TQ 304 135 |
| Coordinates | 50°54′19″N 0°08′51″W / 50.9052°N 0.1475°W |
| Operator(s) | Jack and Jill Windmills Society |
| Year built | 1765 |
| Information | |
| Purpose | Corn mill |
| Type | Post mill |
| Roundhouse storeys | Single storey roundhouse |
| No. of sails | Four |
| Type of sails | Common sails |
| Winding | Tailpole |
| No. of pairs of millstones | Two pairs, arranged Head and Tail |
| Other information | Demolished in 1866, roundhouse remains standing. |
Duncton Mill was built in 1765. It was owned by Viscount Montague and leased for 99 years. Duncton Mill was demolished in 1866, leaving the roundhouse to be used as a store.[2]
Duncton Mill description edit
Duncton Mill was a post mill with a single storey roundhouse, four Common sails. It was winded by hand and had two pairs of millstones. The Head Wheel from Duncton Mill was used as the Brake Wheel in Jack when that mill was built.[2]
Jill edit
| Jill | |
|---|---|
 Jill (foreground) and Jack (background) | |
| | |
| Origin | |
| Grid reference | TQ 304 134 |
| Operator(s) | Jack and Jill Windmills Society |
| Year built | 1821 |
| Information | |
| Purpose | Corn mill |
| Type | Post mill |
| Base storeys | Two storey roundhouse |
| No. of sails | Four |
| Type of sails | Patent sails |
| Windshaft | Wood, with cast iron poll end |
| Winding | Tailpole mounted fantail |
| Fantail blades | Five blades |
| No. of pairs of millstones | Two pairs, arranged Head and Tail |
| Other information | Moved from Brighton in 1852. Main post constructed of four pieces of timber. |
Jill is a post mill originally built in Dyke Road, Brighton, in 1821. It was known as Lashmar's New Mill and was built to replace Lashmar's Old Mill. In 1830, the Windshaft broke, bringing the sails crashing to the ground.[3] A painting by Nash dated 1839 and an engraving in the Handbook to Brighton (1847) show her to have had a roof mounted Fantail, similar to the arrangement still found on Icklesham windmill. Lashmar's New Mill was the most southerly of the three Dyke Road post mills.[4] In 1852[3] she was moved to Clayton by a team of horses and oxen.[2] The site is now Belmont—a short street of Grade II-listed villas.[5]
The working life of the mills ended in 1906 and in 1908 Jill was damaged in a storm. She lost her fantail and sails over the years until in 1953 restoration was carried out by E Hole and Son, the Burgess Hill millwrights, funded by Cuckfield Rural District Council.[4] In 1978, restoration of Jill to working order was commenced. Jill ground flour again in 1986. During the Great Storm of 1987, Jill’s brakes had been applied prior to the storm’s arrival, but the extreme winds were able to turn the sails, overcoming the brakes and generating friction which set the mill on fire. Some members of the Windmill Society were able to get to the mill and save her by carrying water up the hill to put the fire out.[6]
Today, Jill is in working order and open to the public most Sundays between May and September. She produces stoneground wholemeal flour on an occasional basis. The vast majority of her flour is sold to visitors. It is ground from organic wheat, grown locally in Sussex. On the occasions when the wind is blowing and Jill is in operation, a guide is available to explain the process of milling. Jill Windmill is owned by Mid Sussex District Council.
Jill description edit
Jill is a post mill with a two-storey roundhouse. She has four Patent Sails and is winded by a five blade fantail mounted on the tailpole. The windshaft is wooden, with a cast iron poll end dated 1831. Jill has two pairs of millstones, arranged Head and Tail. The compass arm Tail Wheel shows evidence of having been used as a Brake Wheel at some time. The main Post of Jill is made from four separate pieces of timber, a feature seen in some Sussex post mills and only found in this and Argos Hill Mill today.[4]
Jack edit
| Jack | |
|---|---|
 Jack, with the roundhouse of Duncton Mill in the foreground | |
| | |
| Origin | |
| Grid reference | TQ 304 135 |
| Year built | 1866 |
| Information | |
| Purpose | Corn mill |
| Type | Tower mill |
| Storeys | Five storeys |
| No. of sails | Four |
| Type of sails | Patent sails |
| Windshaft | Cast iron |
| Winding | Fantail |
| Fantail blades | Five blades |
| Other information | Was fitted with Hammond's Patent Sweep Governor. Brake wheel was formerly in Duncton mill. |
Jack is a five-storey tower mill built in 1866 to replace Duncton Mill. Worked as a pair with Jill, Jack worked until c.1907.[7] Unusually Jack mill has a male name — almost every other mill in the country is considered female. In 1928, while a pit was being dug for a water tank, an Anglo-Saxon skeleton was discovered. It was later removed to the British Museum.[8] Jack was owned by barrister Jolyon Maugham for several years.[9][10]
Jack description edit
Jack is a five-storey tower mill with a domed cap. He carries four Patent Sails and was winded by a five blade fantail. There was a stage at first floor level. It is believed that Jack was built by the millwright Cooper, of Henfield. In 1873, Jack was fitted with Hammond's Patent Sweep Governor, a feature also fitted to the post mill at Herstmonceux, which was also run by the Hammonds. Jack had three pairs of millstones, and room for a fourth pair. All machinery below windshaft level has been removed. In 1966, Jack was fitted with new sails as he was to appear in a film.[7] Jack is 44 feet (13.41 m) to the curb, 22 feet 8 inches (6.91 m) diameter at the base and 13 feet (3.96 m) diameter at the curb.[3] The present owners have lived at the windmill since 2012. The Mill House and Granary were built for them by architect Sarah Featherstone of Featherstone Young in 2016. The Granary retains the historical beams and original footprint of the 18th century granary, while the Mill House is a reconfiguration of Henry Longhurst's house. Together, the buildings connect Jack and Jill windmills on a straight axis, opening up views throughout the site.[11]
Gallery edit
-
Jack and Jill (the tiny white dots middle-right) in relation to the Sussex landscape. -
Jack (left) and Jill (right) -
Jack and Jill from Wolstonbury Hill -
The mills at work
Millers edit
- Edward Horam 1765 - 1787 (Duncton)
- John Geere 1809 (Duncton)
- Thomas Hicks 1810 (Duncton)
- John Hamlin 1816 (Duncton)
- James Mitchell 1838 - 1872 (Duncton, Jack, Jill)
- Joseph Hammond 1872 - 1882 (Jack, Jill)
- Charles Hammond 1872 - 1905 (Jack, Jill)
- Guy 1905 - 1907 (Jack, Jill)
Cultural references edit
In summer 1973, Jack and Jill became cinema stars when Universal Pictures made the film The Black Windmill. Actors featured in the film included Michael Caine, Janet Suzman, Donald Pleasence and Joss Ackland.[12]
New sweeps were fitted to Jack for the film, at a cost of £3,000 and the exterior of the mill was repainted. The owner of Jack at the time of the film was Henry Longhurst, golf broadcaster and writer.
The windmills were featured in Series 3 of the Channel 4 programme "Treasure Hunt" first broadcast 31 January 1985.[13]
References edit
- ^ Historic England. "JACK, MILL LANE CLAYTON, MID SUSSEX, WEST SUSSEX (1354812)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ a b c d Brunnarius, Martin (1979). The Windmills of Sussex. Chichester: Philimore. pp. 96–98, 192. ISBN 0-85033-345-8.
- ^ a b c d "JACK, JILL AND DUNCTON WINDMILLS". Sussex Mills Group. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
- ^ a b c d Brunnarius, Martin (1979). The Windmills of Sussex. Chichester: Philimore. pp. 36–38, 188. ISBN 0-85033-345-8.
- ^ Antram, Nicholas; Morrice, Richard (2008). Brighton and Hove. Pevsner Architectural Guides. London: Yale University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-300-12661-7.
- ^ "History". Jack and Jill Windmills Society. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
- ^ a b c Brunnarius, Martin (1979). The Windmills of Sussex. Chichester: Philimore. pp. 76–78, 191. ISBN 0-85033-345-8.
- ^ "Chapter One - A Pattern in Time - CLAYTON WINDMILLS". Fountain International. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
- ^ Rice, Katy (24 June 2013). "Barrister plans to restore historic Sussex windmill". Brighton: The Argus. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ^ "Sussex windmills Jack and Jill 'could dance together'". BBC News. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ "History of Clayton Windmills". Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ "Windmills and Watermills as stars of TV and film". Windmill World. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
- ^ "Treasure Hunt episode guide". Martin Underwood. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
Further reading edit
Hemming, Peter (1936). Windmills in Sussex. London: C W Daniel. Online version Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
External links edit
- Windmill World page on Duncton mill.
- Windmill World page on Jack mill.
- Hammond's Patent Sweep Governor
- Windmill World page on Jill mill.
- Clayton Windmills website