Chunwei (Chinese: 淳維; Old Chinese: ZS: *djun-ɢʷi; B-S: *[d]u[r]-ɢʷij) is a name associated with the Xiongnu, a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.
Overview
editIn Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the Xiongnu 匈奴 were mentioned as Shanrong 山戎, Xianyun 獫狁, and Hunyu 葷粥 "since before the time of Tang [i.e. Emperor Yao (堯)] and Yu [i.e. Emperor Shun (舜)]" (唐虞以上).[1]
3rd century scholar Wei Zhao also identified the name Chunwei with the name of the Xiongnu: “During the Han (206 BC-220 AD) they were called Xiongnu 匈奴, and the Hunyu 葷粥 is just another name for the same people, and similarly, the Xunyu 獯粥 is just another transcription of Chunwei 淳維, their ancestor’s name”.[2][3][4] In Shiji jijie (史記集解) "Collected Explanations on Historical Records" Liu Song historian Pei Yin (裴駰) quoted Jin Zhuo's statement that "In Yao's time they were called Hunyu; in Zhou's time they were called Xianyun; in Qin's time they were called Xiongnu."[5] In Shiji Suoyin (史記索隱) "Seeking the Obscure in the Records", Tang history Sima Zhen quoted from Fengsu Tongyi (風俗通義) "Comprehensive Meaning of Customs and Mores", by Ying Shao 應劭, that “In the time of Yin, they were called Xunyu [獯粥], which was changed to Xiongnu [匈奴]”;[6] however, this quote no longer exists in Fengsu Tongyi's received text.[7]
Sima Qian wrote that the 匈奴 Xiongnu's ruling clan were descendants of Chunwei (淳維), a descendant of Lord Xia (夏后氏), aka Yu the Great.[1] Chunwei is alleged to be a son of Jie of Xia (Xia dynasty's last ruler). Sima Zhen stated that Yue Chan (樂產) wrote in now-lost Guadipu (括地譜) "Register of the Encompassing Lands" that: “Jie, (ruler of) the House of Xia lived an immoral life. Tang exiled him to Mingtiao, he died there three years later. His son Xunyu 獯粥 married his concubines and they wandered far away to the northern wilderness in search of pasture lands, and then in the Middle Kingdom they were mentioned as Xiongnu 匈奴.”[8] Sima Zhen also quoted Zhang Yan (張晏)'s statement that “Chunwei, during the Yin era, fled to the northern borders.”[9]
However, Goldin (2011) points out chronological difficulties resulting from attempts to identify Chunwei 淳維 with Hunyu 葷粥 ~ Xunyu 獯粥.[a] If one would literally interpret "since before the time of Tang [i.e. Emperor Yao] and Yu [i.e. Emperor Shun]" (唐虞以上) (when the Hunyu supposedly had been in existence)[b] in Sima Qian's Shiji and would identify Chunwei 葷粥 with Hunyu 葷粥 ~ Xunyu 獯粥, those would result in Chunwei, allegedly a son of Jie of the Xia dynasty, living before instead of many generations after Yao and Shun, both of whom had lived and ruled before the Xia dynasty. Moreover, Goldin (2011) reconstructs the Old Chinese pronunciations of Hunyu 葷粥 ~ Xunyu 獯粥 as *xur-luk, 獫狁 as hram′-lun′, and 匈奴 as *xoŋ-NA; and comments all three names are "manifestly unrelated"; he further states that sound changes made the names more superficially similar than they really had been, and prompted later historians and commentators to conclude that those names must have referred to one same people in different epochs, even though people during the Warring States period would never have been thus misled.[12]
Notes
edit- ^ Goldin transliterates both 葷粥 (in Yue Chan's Guadipu) & 獯粥 (in Sima Zhen's Suoyin) in pinyin as Xunyu and proposes that they were both pronounced *xur-luk in Old Chinese. Other versions of the same name are 獯鬻 in Mencius and 薰育 in "Annals of Zhou" of Shiji.[10]
- ^ Sima Qian states that the Yellow Emperor himself drove out the Hunyu 葷粥 in the North.[11]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Sima Qian et al., "Records of the Grand Historian", "Ch. 110: Accounts of the Xiongnu"
- ^ Wei Zhao et al., "Book of Wu", p. 2849
- ^ Lin Gan 林幹, "Xiongnu shiliao huibian 匈奴史料彙編", Vol. 1, p. 1, Beijing, Zhonghua Shuju, 1988
- ^ Sima Zhen. Suoyin, chapter 24, quote: "韋昭漢曰匈奴葷粥其别名則淳維是其始祖蓋與獯粥是一也"
- ^ Pei Yin, Shiji jijie, Vol. 110 quote: "晉灼曰堯時曰葷粥周曰獫狁秦曰匈奴"
- ^ Sima Zhen. Suoyin, chapter 24, quote: "應劭風俗通曰殷時曰獯粥改曰匈奴"
- ^ Goldin, Paul R. "Steppe Nomads as a Philosophical Problem in Classical China" in Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 237
- ^ Sima Zhen. Suoyin, chapter 24, quote: "又樂彥括地譜云夏桀無道湯放之鳴條三年而死其子獯粥妻桀之衆妾避居北野隨畜移徙中國謂之匈奴". Note: In ms. 產 Chăn is written as 彥 Yàn, which is abbreviated to 产 and serves as 產's phonetic component.
- ^ Sima Zhen. Suoyin, chapter 24, quote: "張晏曰淳維以殷時奔北邉"
- ^ Goldin (2010). p. 237, n. 22
- ^ Shiji, "Annals of the Five Emperors"
- ^ Goldin, Paul R. (2010) "Steppe Nomads as a Philosophical Problem in Classical China" in Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 225-226
Sources
edit- Zhonghan Wang, Outlines of Ethnic Groups in China, Taiyuan, Shanxi Education Press, 2004, p. 133, ISBN 7-5440-2660-4