Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) is a launch complex located at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Historically, it served as a launch pad for Atlas rockets operated by NASA and the U.S. Air Force from 1962 to 2005.[1][2]
 An Atlas-Centaur at LC-36 prior to the launch of Pioneer 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Launch site | Cape Canaveral Space Force Station | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Coordinates | 28°28′14″N 80°32′24″W / 28.47056°N 80.54000°W | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (EST) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (EDT) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short name | LC-36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operator |
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| Total launches | 145 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Orbital inclination range | 28° - 57° | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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In 2015, Blue Origin leased LC-36 with the goal of developing a new launch site for its orbital rockets. The company has been working on the New Glenn launch vehicle since 2012 and it is expected to first launch from LC-36 in November 2024.
Prior to Blue Origin's lease, LC-36 featured two launch pads, 36A and 36B. During the 1960s and 1970s, it served as the launch site for pioneering space missions, including the Pioneer, Surveyor, and Mariner probes.[3] Over its five decades of government operation, LC-36 hosted a total of 145 launches.[4]
The Atlas rockets that once launched from this complex were eventually replaced by the Atlas V launch vehicle, which was launched from SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral, leading to the closure of LC-36 before Blue Origin's lease.[5]
History
editLC-36 was originally constructed by the US government in the early 1960s in order to launch the Atlas-Centaur rocket, with first launch in May 1962.[5]
LC-36A was the scene of the biggest on-pad explosion in Cape history when Atlas-Centaur AC-5 fell back onto the pad on March 2, 1965. The accident spurred NASA to complete work on LC-36B which had been abandoned when it was 90% finished.[6]
LC-36B was built near LC-36A "due to the Atlas-Centaur’s increasing flight rate – and low reliability early on."[5]
The pad was modified by the operator of Atlas during the late 1980s to be able to launch the Atlas I, with first launch occurring in July 1990, and was subsequently modified two additional times during the 1990s to launch the Atlas II and Atlas III launch vehicles.[5] Atlas III made its sixth and final launch from LC-36 in 2005.
There was a total of 68 and 77 launches from pads 36A and 36B, respectively, while the US government operated the launch complex in the first five decades of spaceflight.[4]
Interregnum
editThe pad was unused from mid-2005 through 2015.
The legacy Atlas-Centaur umbilical towers of both pads were demolished in 2006.[7] The mobile service towers were both demolished in controlled explosions on June 16, 2007. Tower B was demolished at 13:59 GMT (09:59 EDT) and tower A followed twelve minutes later at 14:11 (10:11 EDT).[8]
In 2008, Aviation Week magazine reported that the U.S. Air Force committed to lease Launch Complex 36 to Space Florida for future use by the Athena III launch system,[9] but that program never moved forward.[10]
In March 2010, the USAF 45th Space Wing issued real property licenses to Space Florida for Space Launch Complexes 36 and 46 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[11][12]
Moon Express leased the pad in February 2015 from Space Florida as a development and test site for its commercial lunar operations and its lunar lander flight test vehicles.[13]
In 2015, Blue Origin signed a long-term lease of launch site from Space Florida for launching Blue's orbital rockets, after Space Florida had previously leased the facility from the USAF in 2010 in order to facilitate commercial use of the land and facilities since the Air Force no longer required use of the launch complex. Moon Express and Blue Origin shared LC-36, delineated into LC-36A and LC-36B respectively, until Moon Express announced its relocation to Launch Complexes 17 and 18 in 2016, allowing Blue Origin full use of the LC-36 facility. In early 2016, Blue intended to begin orbital launches by 2020,[14] as of 2019 they are expected to begin from LC-36 no earlier than 2024.[5]
Blue Origin
editThis section needs to be updated. The reason given is: there has been a lot of development in preparation for New Glenn's inaugural flight. (June 2023) |
On September 15, 2015, Blue Origin announced it would use Launch Complex 36 for launches of its orbital launch vehicle later in the decade.[15][16][17] Blue had the lease in place for Launch Complex 36 by late 2015[14] from the Florida state space agency, Space Florida, and will manufacture their new BE-4-powered orbital launch vehicle at the nearby Exploration Park, also a part of the Space Florida land complex.[5]
By October 2015, the pad design and configuration was not yet publicly known.[4] Blue broke ground for the facility to initiate construction activity on the site in June 2016.[18]
By March 2016, the first launch of the Blue orbital launch vehicle New Glenn was estimated to be no earlier than 2020[14] and that target date had not changed by the time high-level specifications for the new launcher were unveiled in September 2016,[19] nor by the time construction of the launch site was well underway in September 2018.[20] New Glenn will be a very large 7.0-meter (23 ft)-diameter vehicle. The first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 methane/oxygen engines producing 17.1 meganewtons (3,850,000 lbf) total thrust at launch. The first stage will be reusable and is designed to land vertically.[19]
Blue has also leased the adjacent land—formerly known as LC-11—to use as a ground-based rocket engine test facility. Construction of the new launch complex and engine test facility was still underway in September 2018.[20] In addition to LC-11, Blue also leased LC-12 to the north for use as a storage site for various hardware surrounding New Glenn.[21]
Although Blue has been publicly quiet about the status of the launch complex construction, high-resolution aerial photography released after Hurricane Dorian in September 2019 showed that facility foundation work is in place—including for the horizontal integration facility, the launch service structure, lightning tower, and water tower—and above-ground steel construction has commenced. In September 2019, the propellant tank farm was in the process of being installed.[5]
Launch statistics
editLC-36A and LC-36
editLC-36B
editGallery
edit-
An Atlas III launches from SLC-36B. -
The MSS of Space Launch Complex 36A falls to the ground after critical supports are destroyed in a controlled explosion.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ McDowell, Jonathan (February 22, 1998). "Issue 350". Jonathan's Space Report. Jonathan's Space Page. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ "Table 3 — Launch Capability in Florida". AU-18 Space Handbook. Air War College Gateway to the Internet. Archived from the original on March 5, 2001. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ Launch Site Safety Assessment, Section 1.0 Eastern Range General Range Capabilities (PDF) (Report). Federal Aviation Administration. March 1999. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ a b c Gebhardt, Chris (October 8, 2015). "Canaveral and KSC pads: New designs for space access". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Atkinson, Ian (11 September 2019). "Blue Origin continuing work on New Glenn launch complex, support facilities". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ Joseph Navin; Lee Kanayama (April 2, 2021). "Blue Origin Continues to Make Launch Complex Progress for the Eventual Debut of New Glenn". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ^ Coledan, Stefano S. (February 28, 2006). "Slowly Crumbling, NASA Landmarks May Face the Bulldozer". The New York Times. Cape Canaveral. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ Warren, Ken (June 21, 2007). "Historic complex 36 towers toppled". Air Force. Patrick Space Force Base: 45th SW Public Affairs. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ Covault, Craig (October 27, 2008). "Boeing Joins Commercial Athena III Program".
- ^ Day, Dwayne (February 11, 2013). "Athena rising?". The Space Review.
- ^ "Air Force licenses two launch complexes for commercial use". Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
- ^ "Space Florida secures licenses for Launch Complexes 46 and 36". Retrieved March 15, 2010.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (January 24, 2015). "Former Atlas launch pad gets a new tenant". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
- ^ a b c Boyle, Alan (March 5, 2016). "Jeff Bezos lifts curtain on Blue Origin rocket factory, lays out grand plan for space travel that spans hundreds of years". GeekWire. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
- ^ Cofield, Calla (September 15, 2015). "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin Will Launch Rockets and Spaceships from Florida". Space.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (September 15, 2015). "Bezos Not Concerned About Competition, Possible ULA Sale". Space News. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
- ^ Harwood, William (September 17, 2015). "Jeff Bezos plans to boost humans into space from Cape Canaveral". CBS News.
- ^ Cofield, Calla (June 28, 2016). "Blue Origin's Rocket Factory Breaks Ground". Space.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
- ^ a b Bergin, Chris (September 12, 2016). "Blue Origin introduce the New Glenn orbital LV". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
- ^ a b Burghardt, Thomas (20 September 2018). "Building on New Shepard, Blue Origin to pump a billion dollars into New Glenn readiness". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ^ "NSSL Phase 3 Lane 1 Industry Day". Space and Missile Systems Center. 20 August 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.