C1orf159 is a protein that in human is encoded by the C1orf159 gene located on chromosome 1.[5][6] This gene is also found to be an unfavorable prognosis marker for renal and liver cancer, and a favorable prognosis marker for urothelial cancer.[7]

C1orf159
Identifiers
AliasesC1orf159, chromosome 1 open reading frame 159
External IDsMGI: 2444364; HomoloGene: 51678; GeneCards: C1orf159; OMA:C1orf159 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_017891
NM_001330306
NM_001363525

NM_145557
NM_177205

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001317235
NP_060361
NP_001350454

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 1.08 – 1.12 MbChr 4: 156.19 – 156.21 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Gene

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The Homo sapiens C1orf159 gene (UniProt ID: Q96HA4) is a gene located on the short arm of chromosome 1 at locus 1p36.33.[6] The gene is 34,247 base pairs in length, located at Chromosome 1 position 1,081,818 to 1,116,089 on the reverse strand.[8]

Transcript

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The longest variant of human C1orf159 gene encodes an mRNA that is 2,432 nucleotides in length with 12 exons.[9] A promoter region was predicted using UCSC Genome Browser,[10] which is 762 nucleotides long, including a 434 nucleotide upstream of the transcriptional start site, exon 1, and a 298 nucleotide region of intron 1.[citation needed]

Protein

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Isoforms

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Alternative splicing of the gene creates 5 protein isoforms.[5] The longest isoform is 380 amino acids in length with a molecular mass of 40.382 kDa.[5]

Isoforms of human C1orf159 protein
Isoform UniProt[11] ID Length (aa)
1 Q96HA4-1 380
2 Q96HA4-2 185
3 Q96HA4-3 189
4 Q96HA4-4 198
5 Q96HA4-5 254

Composition

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C1orf159 protein is a proline- and arginine-rich, and a lysine- and glutamic acid- poor protein. The isoelectric point of the human C1orf159 protein is 10.07,[12] which is more basic than the average human proteomic protein pI of 7.36.[13]

Domain

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The human C1orf159 protein contains a domain of unknown function DUF4501.[5] Although the exact function of the domain is not clear, it is thought to be a single pass-membrane protein with highly conserved cysteine residues.[citation needed]

The protein also contains a transmembrane domain at positions 144-169[11] and a signal peptide at positions 1-18.[9][11]

Structure

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Alphafold predicts the structure of human C1orf159 protein to be mainly composed of alpha-helices.[14]

Post-translational modification

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The predicted post-translational modifications of the C1orf159 protein includes N-linked glycosylation on asparagine at positions 104, 111, and 128.[5][15]

Homology/evolution

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Orthologs

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Orthologs of human C1orf159 are found in vertebrates including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish[16] with the most distantly related group of organisms being cartilaginous fish, with a date of divergence of approximately 450 million years ago.[17] Orthologs are not found in jawless fish or invertebrates.[16]

Orthologs of C1orf159 Protein
Species Group Taxonomic

Group

NCBI Protein Accession Number Protein Sequence

Similarity

(% Relative to Human Protein)

Human Mammals Primates NP_001317235.1 100.0
Chimpanzee Primates XP_024204744.1 98.4
Bonobo Primates XP_008975653.2 88.9
House Mouse Rodentia NP_796179.1 40.9
Cattle Artiodactyla NP_001026925.1 36.6
Sunda Flying Lemur Dermoptera XP_008567908.1 39.4
Chinese Tree Shrew Scandentia XP_027622332.1 35.8
Cougar Carnivora XP_025768111.1 41.7
Chicken Birds Galliformes XP_024998437.2 32.8
Rock Pigeon Columbiformes XP_013226562.2 35.7
Hooded Crow Passeriformes XP_039420032.1 29.9
Golden-collared Manakin Passeriformes XP_017934783.1 36.5
Gharial Reptiles Crocodilia XP_019367354.1 36.8
Leatherback Sea Turtle Testudines XP_027584571.1 35.9
Chinese Softshell Turtle Testudines XP_006127168.1 35.2
Western Clawed Frog Anura NP_001039047.1 34.6
Two-lined Caecilian Amphibians Gymnophiona XP_029433955.1 33.9
Asiatic Toad Anura XP_044137731.1 31.6
Zebrafish Fish Cypriniformes NP_001313355.1 26.4
Sterlet Acipenseriformes XP_034760226.1 32.8
Reedfish Polypteriformes XP_028663678.1 32.9
Small-spotted Catshark Carcharhiniformes XP_038629468.1 28.0
Whale Shark Orectolobiformes XP_020381962.1 32.9
 
Unrooted phylogenetic tree of C1orf159 orthologs generated by Phylogeny.fr.[18]

Evolutionary History

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When compared with the evolution rate with cytochrome c and fibrinogen alpha, the C1orf159 protein has a similar evolutionary rate of change to the fast-evolving fibrinogen alpha protein, C1orf159 protein has a relatively fast evolution rate.[citation needed]

 
Evolutionary change of C1orf159 protein compared to the change of Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen Alpha. m in the vertical axis is defined as the total number of amino acid changes occurred in a 100-amino acid segment of a protein.

Clinical Significance

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The Human Protein Atlas shows that C1orf159 is an unfavorable prognosis marker for renal and liver cancer, and a favorable prognosis marker for urothelial cancer, indicating that a high expression of C1orf159 is associated with a lower survival probability for patients with renal and liver cancer, and is associated with a higher survival probability for patients with urothelial cancer.[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000131591Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059939Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b c d e "C1orf159 Gene". GeneCards. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  6. ^ a b "Gene symbol report". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  7. ^ a b "Expression of C1orf159 in cancer - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  8. ^ "Gene: C1orf159 (ENSG00000131591) - Summary - Homo_sapiens - Ensembl genome browser 107". uswest.ensembl.org. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  9. ^ a b "Homo sapiens chromosome 1 open reading frame 159 (C1orf159), transcript variant 1, mRNA". 2022-04-17.
  10. ^ "UCSC Genome Browser Home". genome.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  11. ^ a b c "UniProt". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  12. ^ "SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | Expasy". www.expasy.org. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  13. ^ Kurotani A, Tokmakov AA, Sato KI, Stefanov VE, Yamada Y, Sakurai T (August 2019). "Localization-specific distributions of protein pI in human proteome are governed by local pH and membrane charge". BMC Molecular and Cell Biology. 20 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s12860-019-0221-4. PMC 6701068. PMID 31429701.
  14. ^ "AlphaFold Protein Structure Database". alphafold.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  15. ^ "C1orf159 - Proteomics". www.nextprot.org. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  16. ^ a b "C1orf159 orthologs". NCBI. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  17. ^ Redmond AK, Macqueen DJ, Dooley H (November 2018). "Phylotranscriptomics suggests the jawed vertebrate ancestor could generate diverse helper and regulatory T cell subsets". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1): 169. Bibcode:2018BMCEE..18..169R. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1290-2. PMC 6238376. PMID 30442091.
  18. ^ "Phylogeny.fr: "One Click" Mode". www.phylogeny.fr. Retrieved 2022-07-28.