Breviceps fuscus, also known as black rain frog,[1][2][3][4] plain rain frog,[2][4][5] brown short-headed frog,[2][4] and Tsitsikamma rainfrog,[6] is a species of frogs in the family Brevicipitidae. It is endemic to the southern coast of South Africa.[1][2][3][4]
| Breviceps fuscus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Brevicipitidae |
| Genus: | Breviceps |
| Species: | B. fuscus
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| Binomial name | |
| Breviceps fuscus Hewitt, 1925
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| Breviceps fuscus range
Extant (resident)
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Description edit
Breviceps fuscus have a round body with short limbs and toes. Its feet are inward facing which allows the frog to burrow much more effectively. They grow to about 40–51 mm (1.6–2.0 in) in snout–vent length.This species can also live anywhere from 4 to 15 years in age.[7] Skin has no warts, but pronounced widely spaced lumps or small tubercles and pitting are present. Colouration is typically dark brown or nearly black, with a slightly lighter ventrum and no pigmented patterns.[3] They have a squat body and their legs are rather short, which gives the frog its distinctive, avocado-like appearance.[8]
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Front view of black rain frog -
Side view of black rain frog
Distribution and habitat edit
The species is only found on the southern slopes of the Cape Fold Belt from Swellendam to the Outeniqua Mountains, at elevations of up to over 1,000 m (3,300 ft). It is a burrowing species inhabiting fynbos and forest fringes and does not require the presence of open water.[1] They prefer to dwell near dislodged sand piles due to their burrowing behaviour.
Behaviour edit
Breviceps fuscus is a burrowing frog, and can be found in tunnels up to 150 mm deep or among vegetation up to about 30 cm above the ground, and it generally prefers to avoid water.[3] The frog generally spends most of its time underground as it does not require open water and is primarily nocturnal.[9] At night the black rain frog emerges from its burrow to scavenge for food and sometimes mate.
Reproduction edit
Males call from within burrows (sometimes while guarding eggs) and from above-ground vegetation. The call is a short (0.2 s) "chirp", with a dominant frequency of 1.8 kHz. The eggs are laid within burrows with small (15 mm) openings and about 30–40 mm deep. Each nest consists of approximately 42–43 yellow eggs that are 5 mm in diameter inside 8 mm capsules.[3]
Young edit
Like frogs in the family Brevicipitidae in general,[10] Breviceps fuscus show direct development[1][3] (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).[11] This means that the breviceps fuscus does not have tadpoles and instead has young which emerge from the egg as smaller versions of the adults. These are called froglets.
Survival edit
Breviceps fuscus has many survival mechanisms to combat predators as unlike other frogs they are not able to jump or swim to evade predators due to their unique body shape,[12] including the ability to burrow up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in).[9] They have also been observed to puff up their body to make them up to 7 times larger as a defence mechanism.[8] When in danger, they fill up with air to appear bigger in an attempt to ward off predators like bush pigs, birds, and snakes. They are also able to use this ability to jam themselves in their burrows preventing some snakes from pulling them out of the burrow [9] Their distress call is a short high pitched chirp. They also have small lumps all over their body. This is believed to be a mechanism to deter predators as to a predator these lumps appear poisonous although it is not believed that they are poisonous.[12]
Conservation edit
Breviceps fuscus is a locally abundant species but the exact population is not known.[1] It does not tolerate habitat disturbance, so habitat loss caused by afforestation, the spread of alien vegetation, and too frequent fires are threats to it. However, overall, its habitat is well protected and it occurs in several protected areas.[1]
Taxonomy edit
The specific name fuscus refers to the dark colouration of this species as the animal is usually dark brown or black.[3] The black rain frog was first described by John Hewitt, in 1925 after a specimen was collected in Knysna.[3]
Feeding edit
Like many other frogs Breviceps fuscus is an insectivore which feeds on small insects, spiders, insect larvae and worms.[9] The main source of protein for Breviceps fuscus is crickets. If they eat crickets bigger in size they can go through impaction. Impaction can cause blockage of the intestine which can cause death.[13]
Classification edit
The Breviceps fuscus was originally classified as a member of the Microhylidae but polygenic research led to the family Brevicipitidae being classified as a family of its own and Breviceps fuscus was included in it along with the other frogs in its genus.[14]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2013). "Breviceps fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T57714A3062117. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T57714A3062117.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Breviceps fuscus Hewitt, 1925". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Breviceps fuscus Black rain frog". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Breviceps fuscus Hewitt, 1925". African Amphibians. 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ "Taxonomy - Breviceps fuscus (plain rain frog)". UniProt. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ Carruthers, V.C. & Robinson, G.A. (1977). "Notes on amphibia in the Tsitsikama National Parks". Koedoe. 20 (1): 115–123. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v20i1.936.
- ^ van der Meijden, Arie; Vences, Miguel; Hoegg, Simone; Meyer, Axel (December 2005). "A previously unrecognized radiation of ranid frogs in Southern Africa revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (3): 674–685. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.001.
- ^ a b "Black Rain Frog". Our Breathing Planet. 29 June 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d David, Johnathan (11 December 2021). "Black Rain Frog: Care Guide & Species Profile". Everything Reptiles. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Vitt and Caldwell (2014), p. 513.
- ^ Vitt and Caldwell (2014), p. 166.
- ^ a b "Everything There is to Know About Black Rain Frogs". Toads N' Frogs. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ^ Bell, Kirsty Jane (2009). The distribution of the desert rain frog (Breviceps macrops) in South Africa (MSc thesis). Cape Town, South Africa: University of the Western Cape. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Meijden, Arie van der; Vences, Miguel; Hoegg, Simone; Meyer, Axel (2005). "A previously unrecognized radiation of ranid frogs in Southern Africa revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (3): 674–685. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.001. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 15975829.
- Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. 757 pp.
Further reading edit
- Alan Channing (2001) Amphibians of South Africa
- Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. 757 pp.