Bacillus firmus is an aerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped species of bacteria within the genus Bacillus. It is a soil-dwelling bacterium.
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| Species: | B. firmus
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| Bacillus firmus Bredemann and Werner 1933[1]
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In past studies, various strains have also been isolated from wastewater and marine environments. Some strains of this species are very alkaline-tolerant and may grow in environments with pH as high as 11.[2]
It was first identified in 1933 by Willy Ewald Günther Werner.[3]
This species has been recently transferred into the genus Cytobacillus. [4] The correct nomenclature is Cytobacillus firmus.
It is often used in agricultural and aquaculture settings as a disease control, specifically against nematodes, which are parasites that cause great harm to agricultural production worldwide. It has also been used for removing heavy metals from wastewater.
Strains
editBacillus firmus I-1582 (Bf I-1582) was discovered to have a wide temperature range, but it ideally grows at a temperature around 35°C. Its toxins can break down Meloidogyne eggs and colonize plant roots, where it can induce systemic resistance depending on the species of plant.[5]
B. firmus DS-1 is a strain of Bacillus firmus isolated in 2014 from marine sediment off the South China Sea coast.[6] The sequencing of its genome was very useful in understanding the mechanisms that allow the bacterium to function in agricultural capacities.
Agricultural use
editBacillus firmus I-1582 (Bf I-1582) has proven to be an effective nematicide against nematodes such as Rodopholus similis, Xiphinema index, Heterodera sp., Ditylenchus sp., Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Meloidogyne sp.[7] It is approved as a biological-based nematicide against root-knot nematodes in crops by the European Commission.[8]
It has been used as a biopesticide to control Meloidogyne incognita, or southern root-knot nematode, and Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici, a fungal plant pathogen, on the growth of tomato crops in an integrated pest management environment. When applied independently and with the chemicals oxamyl and fosthiazate, Bf I-1582 was found to have suppressed both nematode and fungus populations.[7]
While Bf I-1582 has been shown to be efficacious, information on its nematicidinal mechanism of action is limited.[5] Its toxins can break down Meloidogyne eggs and colonize plant roots, where it can induce systemic resistance depending on the species of plant.[5]
B. firmus DS-1 is a strain of Bacillus firmus isolated from marine environments in China. Prior to the isolation of this strain in 2014 and the sequencing of its genome, there was no reference genome sequence available, despite B. firmus’s wide use as a controller of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs).[6]
The draft genome sequence developed allowed researchers to further understand the exact biological mechanisms that grant B. firmus its nematicidal properties, as well as elucidate the evolutionary relationships between Bacillus strains of marine origin and those found in soil. One of these discoveries includes the identification of Sep1, a novel nematicidal virulence factor. This enzyme shows high toxicity against nematodes C. elegans and M. incognita. This nematicidal activity is dependent on its serine protease activity–it is an extracellular protease that can damage and destroy the physical barriers of nematodes (specifically the intestine and cuticle), effectively protecting against them.[9]
References
edit- ^ Bredemann, G., and Werner, W.: In: Werner, W. "Botanische beschreibung haufinger am buttersaureabbau beteiligter sporenbildender bakterienspezies." Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. II (1933) 87:446–475.
- ^ GUFFANTI, A. A.; BLANCO, R.; BENENSON, R. A.; KRULWICH, T. A. (1 July 1980). "Bioenergetic Properties of Alkaline-tolerant and Alkalophilic Strains of Bacillus firmus". Microbiology. 119 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1099/00221287-119-1-79.
- ^ "Bacillus firmus Bredemann & Werner, 1933". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
- ^ Patel, Sudip; Gupta, Radhey S. (2020-01-01). "A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 406–438. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003775. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 31617837.
- ^ a b c Huang, Mengmeng; Bulut, Aylin; Shrestha, Bidhya; Matera, Christiane; Grundler, Florian M. W.; Schleker, A. Sylvia S. (2021-07-08). "Bacillus firmus I-1582 promotes plant growth and impairs infection and development of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii over two generations". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 14114. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93567-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8266893. PMID 34239009.
- ^ a b Geng, Ce; Tang, Zhichao; Peng, Donghai; Shao, Zongze; Zhu, Lei; Zheng, Jinshui; Wang, Huan; Ruan, Lifang; Sun, Ming (2014-05-10). "Draft genome sequence of Bacillus firmus DS1". Journal of Biotechnology. 177: 20–21. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.02.012. ISSN 1873-4863. PMID 24569035.
- ^ a b Arakere, Udayashankar C.; Jagannath, Shubha; Krishnamurthy, Soumya; Chowdappa, Srinivas; Konappa, Narasimhamurthy (2022), "Microbial bio-pesticide as sustainable solution for management of pests", Biopesticides, Elsevier, pp. 183–200, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823355-9.00016-x, retrieved 2024-05-07
- ^ "FAO.org :". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
- ^ Geng, Ce; Nie, Xiangtao; Tang, Zhichao; Zhang, Yuyang; Lin, Jian; Sun, Ming; Peng, Donghai (2016-04-27). "A novel serine protease, Sep1, from Bacillus firmus DS-1 has nematicidal activity and degrades multiple intestinal-associated nematode proteins". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 25012. doi:10.1038/srep25012. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4846997.
Further reading
edit- Annamalai, Neelamegam; Rajeswari, Mayavan Veeramuthu; Sahu, Sunil Kumar; Balasubramanian, Thangavel (June 2014). "Purification and characterization of solvent stable, alkaline protease from Bacillus firmus CAS 7 by microbial conversion of marine wastes and molecular mechanism underlying solvent stability". Process Biochemistry. 49 (6): 1012–1019. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2014.03.007.
External links
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