The Awyu–Ok languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in central New Guinea established by Timothy Usher, though with precedents in earlier studies.
| Awyu–Ok | |
|---|---|
| Digul River – Ok | |
| Geographic distribution | central New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Awyu–Ok |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | awyu1265 |
Languages edit
The three language families in Awyu–Ok are as follows:[1]
- Digul River (Greater Awyu)
- Kamula–Elevala
- Ok
The Oksapmin language is sometimes classified as the nearest relative of Ok. However, it's unclear whether the similarities are due to relationship or to contact between Oksapmin and Mountain Ok (or both).
Reconstruction edit
| Proto-Awyu–Ok | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Awyu–Ok languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
| Lower-order reconstructions | |
Phonemes edit
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[1]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | |||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | ||||
| Plosive | plain | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | |
| prenasalized | *ᵐb | *ⁿd | *ⁿdz | *ᵑɡ | *ᵑɡʷ | |
| Fricative | *s | |||||
| Semivowel | *w | *j | ||||
| Rhotic | *ɾ | |||||
Pronouns edit
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[1]
sg pl 1excl *ne *nu 1incl *nup 2m *ŋgep *ŋgip 2f *ŋgup 3m *eː *i 3f *u
The third-person pronouns are an innovation shared with the neighboring branch of Trans–New Guinea, Anim. The Awyu–Ok second-person pronouns show the same vowel ablaut for gender as well.
Basic vocabulary edit
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Digul River-Ok, Proto-Digul River, and Proto-Ok by Usher (2020) are:[1]
gloss Proto-Digul River-Ok Proto-Digul River Proto-Ok eye *kiːn(-roːp) *kin-rop *kiːn(-roːp) mouth/tooth *maŋgoːt *maŋgot *maŋgoːt tongue *poːŋg *pon-kat *poːŋg blood/men's house *kaim *kaim *kaim bone *kundoːR *kundor *kundoːR skin/bark *kaːnd *ka[ː]t *kaːnd breast *[aː/oː]m; *noːn *[a/o]m; *non dog *majaːn; *t[i/eː]nd *m[a]jan; *t[i/e]t *majaːn; *tind egg *w[ai]ndin *w[ai]ndin *windin sun/day *[a]taːp *[a]ta[ː]p *[a]taːp moon *wakoːr *wakor *wakoːr water *[aː/oː]k *[a/o][ː]k *oːk
References edit
- ^ a b c d New Guinea World
External links edit
- Digul River-Ok. New Guinea World.
- Digul River. New Guinea World.
- Ok. New Guinea World.
- Kamula-Elevala River. New Guinea World.
- Central Ok. New Guinea World.
- Lowland Ok. New Guinea World.
- Mountain Ok. New Guinea World.