There have been a number of Arabic-based pidgins and creoles throughout history, including a number of new ones emerging today. These may be broadly divided into the Sudanic pidgins and creoles, which share a common ancestry, and incipient immigrant pidgins. Additionally, Maridi Arabic may have been an 11th-century pidgin.
The Sudanic pidgins and creoles are:
- Bimbashi Arabic, a colonial-era pidgin of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the ancestor of the other Sudanic pidgins and creoles
- Turku Arabic, a pidgin of colonial Chad.
- Juba Arabic, spoken in South Sudan
- Nubi language, spoken in Uganda and Kenya
- Bongor Arabic, which could be a descendant of Turku Arabic, spoken in and around the town of Bongor, Chad.[1]
- There may be other Turku-like Arabic pidgins in Chad today, but they have not been described.[1]
In the modern era, pidgin Arabic is most notably used by the large number of migrants to Arab countries. Examples include:
- Gulf Pidgin Arabic, used by mostly immigrant laborers in the Arabian Peninsula (and not necessarily a single language variety)[2][3]
- Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic, used by Bengali immigrants in Jordan[4]
- Pidgin Madam, used by Sinhalese domestic workers in Lebanon[5][6]
- Romanian Pidgin Arabic, spoken by Romanian oil-field workers in Iraq from the 1970s to the 1990s.[7][8]
Due to the nature of pidgins, this list is likely incomplete. New pidgins may continue to develop and emerge due to language contact in the Arab world.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Tosco & Manfredi (2013).
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pidgin Gulf Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Bakir, Murtadha (2010). "Notes on the verbal system of Gulf Pidgin Arabic": 201–228. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pidgin Madam". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Fida Bizri, 2005. Le Pidgin Madam: Un nouveau pidgin arabe, La Linguistique 41, p. 54–66
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Romanian Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Avram, Andrei (2010-01-01). "An Outline of Romanian Pidgin Arabic". Journal of Language Contact. 3 (1): 20–38. doi:10.1163/000000010792317884. ISSN 1877-4091.
Sources
edit- Tosco, Mauro; Manfredi, Stefani (2013). "Pidgins and Creoles". In Owens, Jonathan (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199764136.
- Manfredi, Stefano and Mauro Tosco (eds.) 2014. Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles. Special Issue of the Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 29:2