The Allison T78 was a turboprop engine that first ran in March 1965. It used a regenerator that recovered and reused exhaust heat to reduce fuel consumption.[1]
| T78 | |
|---|---|
| Type | Turboprop |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Allison Engine Company |
| First run | March 1965 |
Development
editOn February 21, 1963, the United States Navy mailed request for proposals to five engine companies to solicit bids for its regenerative turboprop engine (RTE) program.[2] The program would attempt to lower the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of a turboprop from 0.5 to 0.3 pounds per horsepower-hour (300 to 180 grams per kilowatt-hour),[3] which would approximately equal the BSFC of a turbo-compound reciprocating engine.[2] In July 1963, the U.S. Navy chose the Model 545-B2 from the Allison Division of General Motors for development as a regenerative turboprop engine. Allison was chosen instead of bids from Pratt & Whitney, General Electric, Curtiss-Wright, and Avco Lycoming.[4] The engine was to be used for the aircraft carrier-based VSX airplane and a new version of the Lockheed P-3A Orion anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft.[5] It also had possible applications as an airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft or a patrol aircraft,[6] and the U.S. Army studied variants of the engine to power its proposed heavy lift helicopter.[7][8][9] The 545-B2 was given the U.S. military aircraft engine designation of T78. It was scheduled to complete the preliminary flight rating test (PFRT) by December 1966 and model qualification testing (MQT) by April 1968.[10]
However, in March 1965 it was revealed that the Navy's request to fund development of the T78 for fiscal year 1965 had been rejected.[11] In that month, the T78 had run for the first time, one month ahead of schedule.[1] The T78 project was abandoned after about 350 hours of testing, because the Navy lacked a clear operational requirement for it.[6]
Design
editThe engine had a regenerated design, which preheated the air that exited the compressor in a heat exchanger with hot air from the engine's exhaust before the compressed air entered the combustion chamber. The regenerator section formed a large ringlike duct surrounding the exhaust nozzle and contained about 4,500 tubes. Because of this design, the temperature of the compressed air entering the combustion chamber was several hundred degrees hotter than air from an equivalent non-regenerated engine. The design of the regenerator was provided by Garrett AiResearch. The regenerated engine was designed for possible new classes of military aircraft, which would be required to have the ability to stay airborne for three or more days at a time.[12]
Variants
edit- T78-A-2
- Military turboprop variant.
- 545-B2
- Internal designation for the baseline T78 turboprop.[10] The engine targeted a BSFC of 0.3 lb/(hp⋅h) (180 g/kWh) to match reciprocating engine rates of BSFC. Chosen by the U.S. Navy in July 1963 to install on anti-submarine aircraft. Also drew U.S. Air Force interest as a high-endurance missile-launching aircraft.[4]
- 545-C2
- Front-drive regenerative turboshaft that has variable speed and constant turbine inlet temperature. Weight of 1,141 lb (518 kg), sea-level static military power of 4,105 shp (3,061 kW), and BSFC of 0.503 lb/(hp⋅h) (306 g/kWh).[7]
- 545-C3
- Similar to the 545-C2 but has constant speed and variable turbine inlet temperature.[7]
- 546-C2
- Non-regenerative turboshaft that has variable speed and variable turbine inlet temperature.[7]
- 546-C3
- Similar to the 546-C2 but has constant speed. Weight of 681 lb (309 kg), sea-level static military power of 4,511 shp (3,364 kW), and BSFC of 0.479 lb/(hp⋅h) (291 g/kWh).[7]
- 548-C2
- Rear-drive, non-regenerative, free-turbine turboshaft that has direct-drive and 3.22:1 reduction gearbox options.[7] Sea-level static military power of 4,490 shp (3,350 kW) for direct drive or 4,468 shp (3,332 kW) for reduction gearbox.[8]
- 548-D2
- Regenerative version of the 548-C2.[9]
- 548-RT
- Named for its remote turbine (RT) drive system,[13] as it resembles the 548-C2 but without the free turbine. Sea-level static military power of 4,354 shp (3,247 kW), and BSFC of 0.496 lb/(hp⋅h) (302 g/kWh).[7]
Specifications (T78-A-2)
editData from 1966 Aerospace Year Book, page 497[14]
General characteristics
- Type: Turboprop
- Length: 160 in (4,100 mm)
- Diameter: 35 in (890 mm)
- Dry weight: 1,565 lb (710 kg)
Components
- Compressor: 14-stage with variable geometry vanes
- Turbine: 4-stage
Performance
- Maximum power output: 4,125 shp (3,076 kW)
- Overall pressure ratio: 11.7[15]
See also
edit
Related development
References
edit- ^ a b Olbina, Milan C., ed. (March 26, 1965). "T78 engine makes first run". AllisoNews. Vol. 24, no. 20. p. 3. OCLC 42343144.
- ^ a b "Engine bids sought". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Vol. 78, no. 12. March 25, 1963. p. 33. ISSN 0005-2175.
- ^ "Long-endurance, subsonic aircraft studies are revived by Air Force". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Vol. 78, no. 7. February 18, 1963. p. 40. ISSN 0005-2175.
- ^ a b "Allison regenerative engine design shown". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Vol. 79, no. 2. July 8, 1963. p. 27. ISSN 0005-2175.
- ^ Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives (June 4, 1964). Government and science: Distribution of federal research funds; indirect costs re federal grants (Report). p. 676. hdl:2027/mdp.39015035508046.
- ^ a b Committee on Appropriations, U.S. House of Representatives (April 19, 1966). Department of Defense appropriations for 1967 (Report). pp. 289–290. hdl:2027/mdp.35112104241825.
- ^ a b c d e f g Allison Division 1965, p. 12, 15
- ^ a b Burroughs 1965, p. 262
- ^ a b Dutton 1967, pp. 53, 55
- ^ a b Allison Division 1965, p. 213
- ^ United States Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations (March 2–8, 1965). Department of Defense appropriations, 1966: hearings, eighty-ninth congress, first session, on H.R. 9221 (Report). Vol. 1. pp. 467, 818. hdl:2027/uc1.31210019457942.
- ^ Butz, J. S. Jr., ed. (January 1964). "Tech talk". Air Force and Space Digest. Vol. 47, no. 1. pp. 73–74. hdl:2027/osu.32435061974176. ISSN 0002-2349.
- ^ Allison Division 1965, p. 23
- ^ Haggerty, James J., ed. (1966). The 1966 Aerospace Year Book (PDF) (44th ed.). American Aviation Publications, Inc. p. 497. OCLC 317228872.
- ^ Allison Division 1965, p. 11
Bibliography
edit- Dutton, Walter J. (February 1967). Parametric analysis and preliminary design of a shaft-driven rotor system for a heavy lift helicopter (PDF) (Report). OCLC 227447450. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2022.
- Burroughs, Lester R. (October 1965). Power transmission studies for shaft-driven heavy-lift helicopters (Report). OCLC 1048258080.
- Allison Division - General Motors (July 1965). Powerplant studies for shaft-driven helicopter (Report). OCLC 227297791.
- "Allison T78 turboprop engine will be shelved". Aviation Week & Space Technology. March 22, 1965. p. 21. ISSN 0005-2175.
- Yaffee, Michael L. (March 2, 1964). "Allison plans regenerative engine family". Aviation Week & Space Technology. pp. 60–61, 63–64. ISSN 0005-2175.