Junayd of Baghdad (Persian: جُنیدِ بَغدادی; Arabic: الجنيد البغدادي) was a Persian[4][5] mystic and one of the most famous of the early Islamic saints. He is a central figure in the spiritual lineage of many Sufi orders.
Abu 'l-Qasim al-Junayd ibn Muhammad al-Baghdadi | |
|---|---|
_invites_the_Christian_youth_to_accept_Islam_at_the_Sufi_meeting,_witnessed_by_Saqati,_from_Breaths_of_intimacy_(Nafa%E1%B8%A5%C4%81t_al-uns),_by_J%C4%81m%C4%AB_(d._1492).jpg) Junayd of Baghdad invites the Christian youth to accept Islam at the Sufi meeting, witnessed by Saqati, from "Breaths of intimacy" (Nafaḥāt al-uns), by Jami (d. 1492). Persian-language manuscript created in Ottoman-held Baghdad, dated 1595 | |
| Title | Sayyid at-Taifa |
| Personal | |
| Born | 830 |
| Died | 910 (aged 79–80) |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Shafi[1] |
| Main interest(s) | Sufism, Tassawuf, ishq, theology, philosophy, logic, fiqh |
| Notable idea(s) | Ishq[clarification needed] |
| Muslim leader | |
Influenced by | |
Influenced | |
Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi doctrine. Like Hasan of Basra before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance in Sufi theology, Junayd was often referred to as the "Sultan".[6]
Early life and education
edit
The exact birth date of Abu-l-Qāsim al-Junayd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Junayd al-Khazzāz al-Qawārīrī (Arabic: أبو القاسم الجنيد بن محمد الخزاز القواريري) is disputed and ranges from 210 to 215 AH according to Abdel-Kader.[7] His death is more certain and ranges from 296 to 298 AH (908 to 910 CE). It is believed that al-Junayd was of Persian ancestry, with his ancestors originating in Nihawand in modern-day Iran. Al-Junayd was raised by his uncle Sirri Saqti[8] after being orphaned as a boy. Al-Junayd's early education included teachings from Abū Thawr, Abū 'Ubayd, al-Ḥārith al-Muḥãsibī, and Sarī ibn Mughallas.[2][3][9]
Hagiography
editAs to the hagiography by Attar of Nishapur, the Tazkirat al-Awliya, had felt the pain of divine separation since childhood. Regardless of spiritual sorrow, he was known for his quick understanding and discipline when Sirri Saqti accepted him. According to Attar, Junayd was only seven years of age when Sirri Saqti took him along for the Hajj. In al-Masjid an-Nabawi, there were 400 sheikhs discussing the concept of ‘thankfulness’ whereby each expounded his own view. When Sirri Saqti told him to present his definition, Junayd said, "Thankfulness means that should not disobey God by means of the favour which he has bestowed upon you nor make of His favour a source of disobedience." The sheikhs unanimously agreed that no other words could define the term better. Sirri Saqti asked Junayd from where he could learn all this. Junayd replied, "From sitting with you."[10]
Spiritual journey
editHis traditional hagiography continues by stating that Junayd went back to Baghdad and took up selling glasses. However, he spent most of the time in prayer. Hence, he retired to the porch of Sirri Saqti's house and kept himself away from worldly matters, devoting his thoughts only to God. People need to "relinquish natural desires, to wipe out human attributes, to discard selfish motives, to cultivate spiritual qualities, to devote oneself to true knowledge, to do what is best in the context of eternity, to wish good for the entire community, to be truly faithful to God, and to follow the Prophet in the matters of the Shari’a."[11] This starts with the practice of asceticism (zuhd) and continues with withdrawal from society, intensive concentration on devotion (ibadah) and remembrance (dhikr) of God, sincerity (ikhlas), and contemplation (muraqaba) respectively; contemplation produces fana.[11]
Junayd spend 40 years in his mystic course praying while sacrificing his sleep and any other worldly desires, but then a conceit in his heart arose that he has achieved his goal.[citation needed] By then he inspired by God that "He who is not worthy of union, all his good works are but sins." This meant that the prayers which become a source of pride are useless, as true prayer makes a person more humble and devoted to God. His name became famous in many parts of the world despite the persecution he faced and the tongues of slander shot at him. Even then, he did not start preaching until 30 of the great saints indicated to him that he should now call men to God. However, he chose not to preach as yet, saying, "While the master is there, it is not seemly for the disciple to preach." After witnessing Muhammad in his dream commanding him to preach, he had to listen to Sirri Saqtiy.[citation needed] The intensity of ishq poured out of a speech of Junayd such that out of the 40 people he first preached, 18 died and 22 fainted.[8] His caliph and most dear disciple was Abu Bakr Shibli.[10]
Works by Junayd
editJunayd helped establish the "sober" school of Sufi thought, which meant that he was very logical and scholarly about his definitions of various virtues, tawhid, etc. Sober Sufism is characterized by people who "experience fana [and] do not subsist in that state of selfless absorption in God but find themselves returned to their senses by God. Such returnees from the experience of selflessness are thus reconstituted as renewed selves," just like an intoxicated person sobering up.[12] For example, Junayd is quoted as saying, "The water takes on the color of the cup." While this might seem rather confusing at first, ‘Abd al-Hakeem Carney explains it as: "When the water is understood here to refer to the Light of Divine self-disclosure, we are led to the important concept of 'capacity,' whereby the Divine epiphany is received by the heart of any person according to that person’s particular receptive capacity and will be 'colored' by that person’s nature".[13]
Also, according to Sells, "Junayd seems to presuppose that his hearer or reader has had the experience about which he is speaking – or, even more radically, that the hearer or reader is able to enter that experience, or some re-creation of it – at the moment of encounter with Junayd's words."[8] This statement makes it seem like Junayd was writing to a specific sect of the elite that he described earlier. The elite that he refers to are the elect, or "a tightly knit group of 'brethren' that Junayd designates by such phrases as 'the choice of believers' or 'the pure ones'. They play significant roles in the community of believers."[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS: Biographies of The Imams & Scholars. Zulfiqar Ayub. May 2, 2015 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Ansari, Muhammad Abdul Haq. "THE DOCTRINE OF ONE ACTOR: JUNAYD'S VIEW OF TA W? D." The Muslim World 73.1 (1983): 33-56. "Junayd learned the Qur'an and studied Hadith and fiqh from Abu Thawr (d. 240/834), a prominent scholar of fiqh who dominated the stage in Iraq before..."
- ^ a b c Borhan, Joni Tamkin. "A Survey of The Development of Islamic Economics Thought." Jurnal Usuluddin 10 (1999): 63-80.
- ^ Silvers, Laury (2013-09-01). "al-Fatḥ al-Mawṣilī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE.
(...) uncle of the famous early Persian Ṣūfī Junayd al-Baghdādī (d. 298/911).
- ^ Browne, Edward Granville (2015). A Literary History of Persia. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-345-72256-7., page 428: "It is noteworthy that both Bayazid and Junayd were Persians, and may very likely have imported to sufism."
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, al-Junayd (p. 211), Suhail Academy co.
- ^ Abdel-Kader, Ali Hassan (1976). The life, personality and writings of al-Junayd : a study of a third/ninth century mystic ; with an edition and translation [from the Arabic] of his writings. London: Luzac. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0718902230.
- ^ a b c Sells, Michael A.. Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Koran, Mi'raj, Poetic and Theological Writings. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1996. Print.
- ^ Abdel-Kader, Ali Hassan, ed. The Life, Personality and Writings of al-Junayd. Gibb Memorial Trust, 2014.
- ^ a b Tazkirat al-Awliya, Attar of Nishapur. London, England.: Penguin (Non-Classics), 1990. ISBN 0-14-019264-6, 32–38
- ^ a b Ansari, Muhammad Abdul Haq. "The Doctrine of One Actor: Junayd's View of Tawhid." The Muslim World 1(1983): 33–56. Electronic.
- ^ a b Karamustafa, Ahmet (2007). Sufism: The Formative Period. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25269-1.
- ^ Carney, A. a.-H. (1 September 2005). "Imamate and Love: The Discourse of the Divine in Islamic Mysticism". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 73 (3): 705–730. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfi076.
Further reading
edit- Ohlander, Erik S. (2020). "al-Junayd al-Baghdādī: Chief of the Sect". In Ridgeon, Lloyd (ed.). Routledge Handbook on Sufism (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781138040120.
