Agenodesmus reticulatus is a species of millipede in the family Fuhrmannodesmidae,[1] which some authorities consider a junior synonym of Trichopolydesmidae.[2][3][4] This millipede is among the very few species in the order Polydesmida to feature adults with only 18 segments (including the telson) rather than the 20 segments usually found in this order.[5] This species is notable as the first polydesmidan millipede discovered with only 18 segments in adults, the smallest number recorded in the order Polydesmida.[6][5] Before the discovery of A. reticulatus, polydesmidans were known to have only 19 or 20 segments in adults.[6]
| Agenodesmus reticulatus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | Polydesmida |
| Family: | Fuhrmannodesmidae |
| Genus: | Agenodesmus |
| Species: | A. reticulatus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Agenodesmus reticulatus Loomis, 1934
| |
Discovery and distribution
editThe American biologists Orator F. Cook and Harold F. Loomis found the first specimens of A. reticulatus, including the male type specimen and several females, in Haiti in June 1927. Eleven more specimens were found in 1930 and 1932, including mature females as well as young, in not only Haiti but also Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Dominica, and Grenada. Loomis first described the genus Agenodesmus and its type species A. reticulatus in 1934 based on these specimens.[6] The male holotype is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.[7][8]
A closely related species with only 18 segments in adults, Hexadesmus lateridens, was discovered in Cuba in 1931, with Loomis finding additional specimens in Saint Kitts and Carriacou in 1932. Loomis described the monotypic genus Hexadesmus and its type specimen H. lateridens based on these specimens in 1933,[9] before he described A. reticulatus in 1934. Loomis also collected a young specimen of H. lateridens in Haiti in July 1927.[6] Thus, H. lateridens was the first species formally described with so few segments in adults but the second such species to be discovered.[6]
Description
editThis millipede is notable not only for featuring only 18 segments in adults but also for its tiny size. The maximum size recorded is only 2 mm in length and 0.25 mm in width.[6] This species is the smallest millipede in the Western hemisphere[10][11] and one of the smallest millipedes known.[6][7]
Polydesmidan millipedes with only 18 segments as adults go through the same stages of teloanamorphosis observed in other polydesmidans until reaching maturity, which occurs two molts earlier than in the typical polydesmidan.[12] Thus, the species A. reticulatus goes through only six stages of development rather than the usual eight stages, reaching maturity with only 18 segments. In the sixth and final stage, female adults of this species have 27 pairs of legs, and male adults have 26 leg pairs (excluding the eighth leg pair, which become gonopods).[5]
This species is white with a slight tinge of pink. The surface of the head and the dorsal surface of the body segments are reticulated. The head is large with many tiny bristles but no median furrow. The antennae are markedly clavate (club-shaped).[6]
The dorsal surface of the body features transverse rows of markedly clavate setae but no tubercles. The first segment has an oval shape, about twice as wide as long, with a broad transverse depression in the middle. This segment is narrower than the head or the other segments. The second segment features keels that are slightly longer than those on the next two segments. The anterior and posterior corners of all the keels are rounded except for the three segments in front of the telson, which have keels with acute (sharply pointed) posterior corners. The telson is as long as or longer than the penultimate segment. The tail end of the telson curves slightly downward.[6]
The ozopores are large and rimless. Each one appears at the top of a slight swelling of the dorsal surface. These ozopores appear on the posterior corners of segments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 17.[6]
The basal joint of each gonopod is hooded and somewhat covered with bristles. The apical joint of each gonopod is small and simple, emerging from an opening in the inner surface of the basal joint near the front. Each of these apical joints curves upward, outward, and backward and terminates in two branches with similar lengths, the anterior branch heavy and foliate at the apex, the posterior branch slender and attenuated.[6]
This millipede is smaller than the only other species in the genus Agenodesmus, A. nullus, which reaches a maximum size of 2.75 mm in length and 0.25 mm in width.[7] Both species of Agenodesmus are smaller than their close relative H. lateridens, which can reach 3.8 mm in length and 0.3 mm in width.[9] Both species of Agenodesmus may be distinguished from H. lateridens by not only their sizes but also the shape of their dorsal setae: the setae of Agenodesmus are clavate, whereas the setae of H. lateridens are slender and acute.[7][6]
The two species of Agenodesmus may be distinguished from one another by not only their sizes but also the ozopores on the dorsal surface of their body segments. Whereas the distribution of ozopores among these segments in A. reticulatus resembles the distribution typically observed in the order Polydesmida,[6][13] A. nullus features a more unusual distribution. The distribution in A. nullus differs from that observed in A. reticulatus insofar as A. nullus features an ozopore on segment 14, a vestigial pore on segment 16, and no ozopore on segment 17. Furthermore, although adult males of the species A. nullus have 18 segments, like both male and female adults in the species A. reticulatus, adult females of the species A. nullus have 20 segments.[7]
Habitat and ecology
editThis millipede is usually found in moist dead leaves.[11] This species has probably been distributed among the Caribbean islands in its range by humans.[8] The small size of this millipede makes this species likely to be transported in soil undetected and spread inadvertently by humans.[7]
References
edit- ^ "ITIS - Report: Agenodesmus reticulatus". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
- ^ "MilliBase - Fuhrmannodesmidae Brölemann, 1916". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
- ^ Golovatch, Sergei (2013-10-04). "A reclassification of the millipede superfamily Trichopolydesmoidea, with descriptions of two new species from the Aegean region (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)". ZooKeys (340): 63–78 [74]. Bibcode:2013ZooK..340...63G. doi:10.3897/zookeys.340.6295. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3800799. PMID 24146592.
- ^ Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01), "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview", Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2, Brill, pp. 363–453, doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017, ISBN 978-90-04-18827-3, retrieved 2024-06-05
- ^ a b c Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234 [108-109, 147-150]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Loomis, H. F. (1934). "Millipeds of the West Indies and Guiana, collected by the Allison V. Armour Expedition in 1932". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 89 (14): 1-69 [40-41].
- ^ a b c d e f Shear, William A.; Peck, Stewart B. (1987-11-01). "Millipeds (Diplopoda) of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 65 (11): 2640–2645. doi:10.1139/z87-400. ISSN 0008-4301.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Richard L.; Hoffman, Richard L. (1999). Checklist of the millipeds of north and middle America. Martinsville, VA: Virginia Museum of Natural History. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-884549-12-0.
- ^ a b Loomis, H.F. (1933). "Three new Cuban millipeds, with notes on two little-known species". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 75 (9): 357–363 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Pérez-Asso, A.R.; Pérez-Gelabert, D.E. (2001). "Checklist of the Millipeds (Diplopoda) of Hispaniola". Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa. 28: 67-80 [77].
- ^ a b Loomis, Harold F. (1936). "The Millipeds of Hispaniola, with descriptions of a new family, new genera and new species". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 80: 1–191 [156].
- ^ Shear, William A.; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti; Marek, Paul (2016-10-25). "A millipede missing link: Dobrodesmidae, a remarkable new polydesmidan millipede family from Brazil with supernumerary rings (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), and the establishment of a new suborder Dobrodesmidea". Zootaxa. 4178 (3): 371–390 [381]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27811714 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Mesibov, Robert (2019). "External Anatomy of Polydesmida: Gonopods". www.myriapodology.org. Retrieved 2024-08-17.