Acaryochloris marina is a species of unicellular Cyanobacteria that produces chlorophyll d as its primary pigment (instead of the typically used chlorophyll a), allowing it to photosynthesize using far-red light, at 700-750 nm wavelength.[3][4] A. marina is found in temperate and tropic marine environments. Strains of A. marina have been isolated from multiple environments, including as epiphytes of red algae, associated with tunicates, and from rocks in intertidal zones (i.e. epilithic).[5]
| Acaryochloris marina | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Cyanobacteria |
| Class: | Cyanophyceae |
| Order: | Synechococcales |
| Family: | Acaryochloridaceae Komárek et al. 2014[2] |
| Genus: | Acaryochloris Miyashita & Chihara 2003[1] |
| Species: | A. marina
|
| Binomial name | |
| Acaryochloris marina Miyashita & Chihara, 2003[1]
| |
Description
editIt was first discovered in 1993 from coastal isolates of coral in the Republic of Palau in the west Pacific Ocean and announced in 1996.[6] Despite the claim in the 1996 Nature paper that its formal description was to be published shortly thereafter,[6] a tentative partial description was presented in 2003 due to phylogenetic issues (deep branching cyanobacterium).[1]
Genome
editIts genome was first sequenced in 2008, revealing a large bacterial genome of 8.3 Mb with nine plasmids.[7]
Etymology
editThe name Acaryochloris is a combination of the Greek prefix a (ἄν)[8] meaning "without", caryo (κάρυον)[9] meaning "nut" (here intended as "nucleus") and chloros (χλωρός)[10] meaning green;[11] therefore it is Neo-Latin Acaryochloris meaning "without nucleus green".[1] The specific epithet marina is Latin meaning "marine".[1]
Classification
editDue to historical reason, the classification of the Cyanobacteria is problematic and many are not validly published, meaning they have not yet been placed into the classification framework.[12] One of these not officially recognised species is Acaryochloris marina, which technically should be written as "Acaryochloris marina" in official writings, but in effect this is rarely done (cf.[7][13])
Exoplanet habitability
editScientists including NASA's Nancy Kiang have proposed that the existence of Acaryochloris marina suggests that organisms that use chlorophyll d, rather than chlorophyll a, may be able to perform oxygenic photosynthesis on exoplanets orbiting red dwarf stars (which emit much less light than the Sun).[14][15] Because about 70% of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy are red dwarfs,[16] the existence of A. marina implies that oxygenic photosynthesis may be occurring on far more exoplanets than astrobiologists initially thought possible.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Miyashita, H.; Ikemoto, H.; Kurano, N.; Miyachi, S.; Chihara, M. (2003). "Acaryochloris Marina Gen. Et Sp. Nov. (Cyanobacteria), an Oxygenic Photosynthetic Prokaryote Containing Chl D As a Major Pigment1". Journal of Phycology. 39 (6): 1247–1253. Bibcode:2003JPcgy..39.1247M. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.2003.03-158.x. S2CID 84330163.
- ^ Komárek J, Kaštovský J, Mareš J, Johansen JR (2014). "Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach" (PDF). Preslia. 86: 295–335.
- ^ Nürnberg, Dennis J.; Morton, Jennifer; Santabarbara, Stefano; Telfer, Alison; Joliot, Pierre; Antonaru, Laura A.; Ruban, Alexander V.; Cardona, Tanai; Krausz, Elmars; Boussac, Alain; Fantuzzi, Andrea; Rutherford, A. William (2018-06-15). "Photochemistry beyond the red limit in chlorophyll f–containing photosystems". Science. 360 (6394): 1210–1213. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1210N. doi:10.1126/science.aar8313. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29903971.
- ^ Hamaguchi, Tasuku; Kawakami, Keisuke; Shinzawa-Itoh, Kyoko; Inoue-Kashino, Natsuko; Itoh, Shigeru; Ifuku, Kentaro; Yamashita, Eiki; Maeda, Kou; Yonekura, Koji; Kashino, Yasuhiro (2021-04-20). "Structure of the far-red light utilizing photosystem I of Acaryochloris marina". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2333. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2333H. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22502-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8058080. PMID 33879791.
- ^ Miller, Scott R.; Abresch, Heidi E.; Baroch, Jacob J.; Fishman Miller, Caleb K.; Garber, Arkadiy I.; Oman, Andrew R.; Ulrich, Nikea J. (March 2022). "Genomic and Functional Variation of the Chlorophyll d-Producing Cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina". Microorganisms. 10 (3): 569. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10030569. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 8949462. PMID 35336144.
- ^ a b H. Miyashita; H. Ikemoto; N. Kurano; K. Adachi; M. Chihara & S. Miyachi (1996). "Chlorophyll d as a major pigment". Nature. 383 (6599): 402. Bibcode:1996Natur.383..402M. doi:10.1038/383402a0.
- ^ a b Swingley, W. D.; Chen, M.; Cheung, P. C.; Conrad, A. L.; Dejesa, L. C.; Hao, J.; Honchak, B. M.; Karbach, L. E.; Kurdoglu, A.; Lahiri, S.; Mastrian, S. D.; Miyashita, H.; Page, L.; Ramakrishna, P.; Satoh, S.; Sattley, W. M.; Shimada, Y.; Taylor, H. L.; Tomo, T.; Tsuchiya, T.; Wang, Z. T.; Raymond, J.; Mimuro, M.; Blankenship, R. E.; Touchman, J. W. (2008). "Niche adaptation and genome expansion in the chlorophyll d-producing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (6): 2005–2010. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2005S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709772105. PMC 2538872. PMID 18252824.
- ^ ἄν. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ κάρυον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ χλωρός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ Gender of suffices in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
- ^ Classification of Cyanobacteria in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
- ^ Kühl, M.; Chen, M.; Ralph, P. J.; Schreiber, U.; Larkum, A. W. D. (2005). "Ecology: A niche for cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll d". Nature. 433 (7028): 820. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..820K. doi:10.1038/433820a. PMID 15729331.
- ^ Gronstal, Aaron (February 2012). "Far-Out Photosynthesis". News & Features. NASA. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ Mielke, S.P.; N.Y. Kiang; R.E. Blankenship; M.R. Gunner & D. Mauzerall (2011). "Efficiency of photosynthesis in a Chl d-utilizing cyanobacterium is comparable to or higher than that in Chl a-utilizing oxygenic species". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1807 (9): 1231–1236. Bibcode:2011BBAcB1807.1231M. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.007. PMID 21708123.
- ^ "Colorful Dwarfs". StarDate. The University of Texas McDonald Observatory. Retrieved 23 January 2014.