Zafar (Persian: ظفر, lit. 'The Victory') was an Iranian daily newspaper which was published in Tehran between 1944 and 1947. The paper was affiliated with the Tudeh Party and the sister publication of Mardum and Razm. Zafar was the official organ of the party's workers' union, namely Tudeh Party Workers' Union.[1]
| Type | Daily newspaper |
|---|---|
| Owner(s) | Tudeh Party Workers' Union |
| Founded | 22 June 1944 |
| Political alignment | Communism |
| Language | Persian |
| Ceased publication | February 1947 |
| Headquarters | Tehran |
| Country | Pahlavi Iran |
| Sister newspapers | Mardum Rahbar |
History and profile edit
Zafar was first published in Tehran on 22 June 1944.[2] The license of the paper belonged to Rıza Rusta, head of the Tudeh Party Workers' Union.[2] The paper was a daily publication and an official media outlet of the Union.[3][4] It featured articles about the activities of the Tudeh Party, including those of the party founders.[3]
Until 1947 the paper was banned several times and replaced by other publications.[2] For instance, on 8 December 1946 Zafar and its sister publication Rahbar were shut down by the Iranian government due to their harsh criticisms over the policies towards the US.[5] Under such conditions it was clandestinely distributed in the country.[1] Zafar reappeared in January 1947 when its ban dated 8 December 1946 had been removed on 31 December 1946.[2][5] The paper continued to be published in February 1947, but soon it was closed once more and was not restarted again.[2]
References edit
- ^ a b Donald Newton Wilber (2014). Iran, Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic (9th ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-4008-5747-0.
- ^ a b c d e Laurence Paul Elwell-Sutton (1968). "The Iranian Press, 1941-1947". Iran. 6: 93. doi:10.2307/4299603. JSTOR 4299603.
- ^ a b George Lenczowski (January 1947). "The Communist Movement in Iran". Middle East Journal. 1 (1): 30–31. JSTOR 4321826.
- ^ Sepehr Zabih (1966). The Communist Movement in Iran. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. p. 153.
- ^ a b William M. Steen (April 1947). "Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology December 1, 1946-February 28, 1947". Middle East Journal. 1 (2): 197–198. JSTOR 4321861.