Women have served widely as pharmacists.[1] However, as with women in many jobs, women in pharmacy have been restricted. For example, only in 1964 was the American Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub. L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) enacted, which outlawed refusing to hire women because of their sex including though not limited to in the profession of pharmacist.[2][3] Even today, not all countries ensure equal employment opportunities for women.[4]
Women in medieval pharmacy edit
Apothecary is one term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica to physicians, surgeons, and patients; the modern pharmacist has taken over this role. Throughout medieval times, apothecaries were not trained in universities as physicians were. More often, they were trained through guilds, and apprenticeship. Apothecary businesses were typically family-run, and wives or other women of the family worked alongside their husbands in the shops, learning the trade themselves. Women were still not allowed to train and be educated in universities so this allowed them a chance to be trained in medical knowledge and healing. Previously, women had some influence in other women's healthcare, such as serving as midwives and other feminine care in a setting that was not considered appropriate for males. Though physicians gave medical advice, they did not make medicine, so they typically sent their patients to particular independent apothecaries, who did also provide some medical advice in particular remedies and healing.
Women in modern pharmacy edit
The National Association of Women Pharmacists was founded in London on 15 June 1905, following discussions between Margaret Elizabeth Buchanan and Isabella Skinner Clarke. Early meetings were held at Clarke's home. Membership was restricted to those who had passed the major or minor examination and 50 women joined immediately. By 1912 Buchanan claimed that practically all women practicing pharmacy were members.[5]
Pioneering women in pharmacy edit
- Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (1532–1585), while an interested amateur and not a professional pharmacist, is now considered to have been the first female pharmacist in Germany.[6]
- Caterina Vitale (1566–1619) was the first female pharmacist and chemist in Malta, and the first female pharmacist of the Knights Hospitaller.[7]
- Maria Dauerer (1624-1688) was first Swedish female apothecary (first formally trained female pharmacist was Märtha Leth).[8]
- Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf (1681–1762)[9] was the first female apothecary in the Thirteen Colonies.[10] She is considered to be the first female pharmacist in the United States.[10]
- Susan Hayhurst (1820–1909) was the first woman to receive a pharmacy degree in the United States, which she received in 1883 from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.[11][12][13]
- Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi (1842–1906), who upon graduating from the New York College of Pharmacy in 1863, became the first woman to graduate from a United States school of pharmacy.[14][15]
- Isabella Skinner Clarke (1842–1926) and Rose Coombes Minshull (1845–1905) became the first two women elected as full members of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1879.[16]
- Margaret Elizabeth Buchanan (1865–1940) became the first woman to be elected to the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1918, serving until 1926.[17][18]
- Cora Dow (1868–1915), a pharmacist in Cincinnati, Ohio, the leading female pharmacist of her time, with eleven stores under her name when she died.[19][20][21]
- Fanny Deacon (née Potter) became the first female pharmacist in the United Kingdom in 1870.[22]
- Julia Pearl Hughes (1873–1950) was the first African-American female pharmacist to own and operate her own drug store.[23]
- Jean Irvine (1877–1962) became the first female president of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1947, which position she held until 1948.[24][25][26][27]
- Charlotte Jacobs became the first female pharmacist in the Netherlands in 1879.
- Caroline Copp became the first female pharmacist in Australia in 1880.[28][29]
- In 1896 Charlotte Schou and Nielsine Schousen became the first female pharmacists in Denmark.[30]
- Anna Louise James (1886–1977) was the first African-American female pharmacist in Connecticut.[31][32]
- Ella P. Stewart (1893–1987) was one of the first African-American female pharmacists in the United States.[33][34]
- Christina Jesop Wilson became the first female pharmacist to qualify in the south of Ireland in 1900.[35]
- Kamran Aziz (1922-2017) and Ayşe Dana became the first female pharmacists in Northern Cyprus in 1944.[36]
- Mary Munson Runge (1928–2014) became the first woman and the first African-American elected president of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), which occurred in 1979; she was president for two terms, from 1979 to 1981.[37][38][39]
- Remedios M. "Remy" Gabriel became the first civilian woman to become a licensed pharmacist in Guam in 1953.[40]
- Julie Zinihite became the first Solomon Islands woman to serve as the Chief Pharmacist at the National Referral Hospital in 2010.[41]
- Angelita Bosch was the first female pharmacist in Puerto Rico.[42]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ USA (2009). "The global pharmacy workforce: a systematic review of the literature". Human Resources for Health. 7. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: 48. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-7-48. PMC 2706790. PMID 19545377.
- ^ Wright, Susan (2005), The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Landmark Antidiscrimination Legislation, The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-4042-0455-3
- ^ "Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)". Retrieved July 28, 2012.
- ^ See generally, "Women's Human Rights", 1998, Human Rights Watch (available online).
- ^ Rayner-Canham, Marlene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2008). Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneering British Women Chemists, 1880–1949. Imperial College Press. p. 398. ISBN 978-1-86094-987-6.
- ^ Naumann, Rolf (1953). "Anna, Kurfürstin von Sachsen". Neue Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
- ^ "'Sex In the City' tour: The knights and their ladies of the night". The Malta Independent. 25 March 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016.
- ^ Levertin Alfred, Schimmelpfennig Carl Fredrik Vilhelm, Ahlberg Karl, red (1910-1918). Sveriges apotekarhistoria från konung Gustaf I:s till närvarande tid. Bd 1, Stockholms stad, Stockholms län, Uppsala län, Södermanlands län, Östergötlands län, Jönköpings län, Kronobergs län. Stockholm: Ernst Westerbergs boktr.
- ^ Oakes, Rensselaer Allston (1905). Genealogical and Family History of the County of Jefferson, New York. Higginson Book Company. p. 241. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
- ^ a b Henderson, Metta Lou; Worthen, Dennis B. (March 8, 2002). American Women Pharmacists: Contributions to the Profession. CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7890-1092-6. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
- ^ "Susan Hayhurst". American Journal of Pharmacy. 83. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science: 32–39. 1911. Retrieved November 29, 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Susan Hayhurst, pioneer female pharmacist, circa 1889". ExplorePAhistory.com. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
- ^ Henderson, Metta Lou; Worthen, Dennis B. (March 8, 2002). American Women Pharmacists: Contributions to the Profession. CRC Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7890-1092-6. Retrieved November 29, 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ Anyssa Garza (2018-05-10). "Happy Mother's Day to Women Pioneers in Pharmacy". Digital Pharmacist. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
- ^ "Jacobi, Mary Putnam, 1842–1906. Papers of Mary Putnam Jacobi, 1851–1974: A Finding Aid". oasis.lib.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
- ^ The Pharmaceutical Journal11 APR 2019. "Seven women pharmacists entered into the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | News". Pharmaceutical Journal. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ The Pharmaceutical Journal11 APR 2019. "Seven women pharmacists entered into the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | News". Pharmaceutical Journal. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Rayner-Canham, Marlene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2008). Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneering British Women Chemists, 1880–1949. Imperial College Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-86094-987-6.
- ^ Fox, Irving P. (1915). "The Spatula - Google Books". Retrieved 2017-03-18.
- ^ Henderson, ML; Worthen, DB (2004). "Cora Dow (1868–1915) - pharmacist, entrepreneur, philanthropist". Pharm Hist. 46 (3): 91–105. PMID 15712452.
- ^ "Cincinnati News, Sports and Things to Do | Cincinnati Enquirer". The Enquirer. Archived from the original on 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
- ^ "Looking back at 175 years of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society". 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
- ^ "USF Health News African American History Month: Seeing the past in today's health professions - USF Health News". Hscweb3.hsc.usf.edu. 2016-02-26. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- ^ "Woman's Distinction". The Glasgow Herald. June 5, 1947. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ^ Stevens, Catherine M. C. Haines with Helen M. (2001). International women in science : a biographical dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]: ABC-CLIO. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.
- ^ "Jean Kennedy Irvine". rpharms.com. Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ^ "Irvine, Jean Kennedy (c. 1877–1962)". www.encyclopedia.com.
- ^ "Women in pharmacy: Key dates in history | AJP". ajp.com.au. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
- ^ Chemist and Druggist: The Newsweekly for Pharmacy. Benn Brothers. 1894.
- ^ Inger Dübeck: Kvinders retlige stilling. I Den Store Danske. Hentet 7. october 2015
- ^ "Anna Louise James". Cypresscemeteryosct.org. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
- ^ Elizabeth J. Normen (27 January 2014). African American Connecticut Explored. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 253–. ISBN 978-0-8195-7400-8.
- ^ Royster, Jacqueline Jones (2003). "Ella Nora Phillips Myers Stewart." Profiles of Ohio Women, 1803 –2003. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1508-5. p. 97.
- ^ "Ella Stewart." Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 39. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Accessed via Biography in Context database, 2016-07-02. Available online via Encyclopedia.com.
- ^ "A trip back in time for commemoration". 2012-04-11. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
- ^ "KUZEY KIBRIS TÜRK CUMHURİYETİ NDE ECZACILIK VE ECZACI PROFİLİ - PDF Ücretsiz indirin". docplayer.biz.tr. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Metta Lou Henderson; Dennis B Worthen (8 March 2002). American Women Pharmacists: Contributions to the Profession. CRC Press. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-7890-1092-6.
- ^ admin (2014-01-08). "Mary Munson Runge 1928 ~ 2014". Kappa Epsilon. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
- ^ "Little Known Black History Fact: Mary Munson Runge". Black America Web. Interactive One, LLC. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
- ^ "Obituary". Marianas Business Journal. 2010-05-23. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
- ^ "Just the Right Medicine - Solomon Times Online". SolomonTimes.com. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ^ "Adjuntas" (in Spanish). 17 September 2014. Retrieved 2021-11-13.