Walter Andreas Hofer (1893 – c. 1971) was a German art dealer who was Hermann Göring's principal art agent, director of the Göring Collection, and an important figure in Nazi art looting during World War II.[1] Hofer is referenced 162 times in the OSS Art Looting Investigation Units Reports of 1945-1946. He was not a member of the Nazi Party. After the war he continued to work as an art dealer in Munich.
Early life edit
Hofer was born in Berlin in 1893.[2] He began his career at the gallery of his brother-in-law Kurt Walter Bachstitz in The Hague. In 1928, Hofer went to Berlin to study art where he met the Lausanne art collector Gottlieb Reber. Between 1930 and 1934, Hofer worked for Reber in Switzerland. From 1934, Hofer was an independent dealer working in Berlin near the Kurfürstendamm.[3]
Family edit
In 1937, Hofer married the art restorer Berta Fritsch, who later became the official picture restorer for the Göring Collection. Fritsch was the sister of Gottlieb Reber's secretary.[1]
In 1942, Hofer helped his brother-in-law Kurt Bachstitz, who was Jewish, obtain a visa so that he could flee the Netherlands to Switzerland. He also arranged a divorce for Bachstitz so that his art dealing firm became fully Aryan, thus avoiding confiscation. Hofer's sister Lilly took over the running of the firm.[1][4]
Work for Hermann Göring edit
Hofer began to work for Hermann Göring in 1937 and became Göring's principal art agent and later director of the Göring Collection.[5] Hofer was not a member of the Nazi Party.[3] Hofer worked for Göring on a freelance basis, always maintaining his personal art dealing business and it was agreed between them that Hofer could keep any works he found for Göring that Göring refused.[6] With Göring's money and backing, Hofer could access collections anywhere in Germany.[7] He travelled on Göring's special art trains and could get essential foreign currency (Devisen) for his purchases which was in short supply for ordinary Germans. Where he didn't need foreign currency, as in the Netherlands where the German and Dutch currencies became directly convertible in April 1941, he was even more active in his acquisitions, sometimes competing with agents from other parts of the German government.[8] Göring said that the price of a work of art was never a problem and he often paid above market price (where he did not confiscate items outright) though he was often slow to pay the bill.[6] Hofer claimed that on one occasion in Paris, he beat an agent acting for Adolf Hitler to a Rembrandt by one day.[9]
Hofer is mentioned 162 times in the OSS Art Looting Intelligence Unit's 1945-1946 Reports and List of Red Flag Names.[10][1]
Hofer communicated regularly with Göring about his finds, offering the Reichsmarschall first pick from the treasures on offer. On 26 September 1941, Hofer informed Göring, "I have inspected the paintings of Baroness Alexandrine R. [Rothschild]. They are truly sensational! Her collection consists of twenty five paintings each of the highest quality and greatest importance. Among them is the charming Infanta Margarita by Velasquez, which you must ... [use] any means necessary to acquire for your collection... This collection also includes a large number of modern jewels. Naturally, everything will remain where it is until you decide what you want."[11]
In Italy, Hofer was introduced to Italian collectors by Alessandro Morandotti, who facilitated contact between Göring and other Italian dealers as well.[12]
Post-war edit
Immediately after V-E Day,[6] Hofer was at Berchtesgaden where he displayed Göring's collection to U.S. soldiers and visiting journalists.[13] Photographs of him with the collection appeared in Life magazine[6][14] and in newsreels. Berta Hofer continued to work on restorations, apparently as though nothing had happened.[13] Hofer was interrogated by the Allied forces and interned in Hersbruck. He was later convicted in absentia by a French military tribunal and sentenced to ten years in prison which he did not serve. He spent the rest of his life as an art dealer in Munich where he died in about 1971.[5]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d "OSS Art Looting Intelligence Unit (ALIU) Reports 1945-1946 and ALIU Red Flag Names List and Index". lootedart.com/. US Office of Strategic Services. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
- ^ Petropoulos, Jonathan (1996). Art as Politics in the Third Reich. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-8078-4809-8.
- ^ a b Walter Andreas Hofer (1893–1971?). Kubisme, 25 May 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ Kunsthandel Kurt Bachstitz Gallery. The Frick Collection. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Walter Andreas Hofer (1893–1971?)". Jewish Museum Berlin. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d Plaut, James S. "Loot for the Master Race". The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 178, No. 9, September 1946. The Atlantic Online. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Nazi Looted Art: The Holocaust Records Preservation Project, Part 1." Anne Rothfeld, Prologue Magazine, Fall 2002, Vol. 34, No. 3. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ Petropoulos, 1996, p. 143.
- ^ "Thousands of Germans Returning to Ruined Capital of Reich: Find Treasure Hidden in Alps". The Milwaukee Journal, 21 May 1945, p. 2. Google News. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ OSS (USS Office of Strategic Services) Art Looting Intelligence Unit (ALIU). 1946. OSS (USS Office of Strategic Services) "Art Looting Intelligence Unit (ALIU) Reports 1945-1946 and ALIU Red Flag Names List and Index"
- ^ Translated letter. Lindsay, Ivan (2014). The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day. London: Andrews UK. p. 437. ISBN 978-1-906509-56-9.
- ^ Bartoli, Antonia. "FLAGGING A RED FLAG: CONTEXTUALIZING THE ACTIVITIES OF ALESSANDRO MORANDOTTI BETWEEN 1939 AND 1945 IN LIGHT OF THE ART LOOTING INVESTIGATION UNIT REPORT (1946-1947)" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Treasure Hunt In Bavaria". Osmar White, The Advertiser, 1 June 1945, p. 6. Trove. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ William Vandivert|Germany|LIFE Photo Collection. Historische Momente. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
External links edit
- The real Monuments Men at Work: Berchtesgaden July 1945. Features Hofer at several points.