The Wadi Hadf (Arabic: وادي حدف, romanized: Wādī Ḩadf)[1][5] is a dry river valley or river valley, with ephemeral or intermittent flow, which flows almost exclusively during the rainy season, located east of the United Arab Emirates, in the enclaves of Masfut (Ajman) and Hatta (Dubai), and north of Oman, in the Al Batinah North Governorate.
| Wadi Hadf Wādī Ḩadf | |
|---|---|
 | |
    | |
| Native name | وادي حدف (Arabic) |
| Location | |
| Country |  Oman United Arab Emirates |
| Governorate Emirate | Al Buraimi Ajman Dubai |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Northwestern slope of the Um Alnosoor / Jabal Hatta (1,280 m (4,200 ft)) |
| • elevation | 1,130 m (3,710 ft) (approximately) |
| Mouth | Confluence with the Wadi Hatta, at the Al Khattem Dam, in the enclave of Hatta (Dubai) |
• coordinates | 24°48′48.2522″N 56°08′30.0876″E / 24.813403389°N 56.141691000°E |
• elevation | 288 m (945 ft) |
| Length | 27 km (17 mi) |
| Basin size | 548 km2 (212 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Wadi. Intermittent flow |
| River system | Wadi Hatta |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Wadi Laim,[1][2] |
| • right | Wadi Ghalfa / Gulfa,[3][4] Wadi Al Mestib, [4] Wadi Al Khileban,[4] Wadi Lishan, Wadi Hattawi. |
It is a left tributary of the Wadi Hatta, to whose extensive 548 km2 (212 sq mi) drainage basin it belongs.
Course
editThe total length of the Wadi Hadf is 27 km (17 mi), of which 13 km (8.1 mi) run in Omani territory and 14 km (8.7 mi) in Emirati territory. Its river source is located at an approximate altitude of 1,130 m (3,710 ft), on the northwest slope and a very short distance from the summit of Jabal Hatta,[6] also known as Um Alnosoor (1,280 m (4,200 ft)).[1][3]
In its upper and middle course the Wadi Hadf flows from southeast to northwest, crossing the steep mountainous area surrounding Jabal Hatta,[7] on both sides of the border between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, until reaching the extensive and rich cultivated area located east of the town of Hadf.[8]
This village, geographically located in the territory of Oman, is administered under an international condominium regime between Oman and the emirate of Ajman.[9][10]
At that point the Wadi Hadf turns northeast towards the Sinadil Pass through a narrow, steep-sided gorge cut mainly through cemented gravel deposits. However, just above the head of the gorge, the wadi forms a effluent or distributary channel branching off from the main channel and running northwards.[6]
This second channel is much less visible than the main wadi gorge, because it is shallower and is densely vegetated and used for agricultural crops, but a kilometre downstream of its formation it becomes a complete and well-defined wadi, flowing into the large alluvial plain of Madam (Madam Plain),[11][12] where it is grouped with other important wadis that drain the western flank of the Hajar Mountains, forming the Wadi Fayah, which once flowed into the Persian Gulf, in the area of the border between Sharjah and Ajman.[6]
The fact that this effluent channel drains into a catchment area (Persian Gulf) opposite that of the main wadi (Gulf of Oman), makes the Wadi Hadf a truly rare and exceptional case, which is made possible by the fact that the place where the wadi emerges from the mountains, with a considerable flow in the event of heavy rains, coincides precisely with the imperceptible drainage divide between the basins of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, occasionally allowing the distribution of the water flow. However, due to the scarcity of rainfall, this second channel is currently only active as an overflow channel after a period of torrential rains.[6]
At the exit of the spectacular gorge formed by the main channel of Wadi Hadf as it passes through Hadf and Sinadil, the wadi heads northeast across the international dividing line between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, and enters the enclave of Masfut, crossing the great gravel plain of Sayh Muzayri' / Sayḩ Muḑayrah, leaving to the north the urban area of Mudayrah / Muzairah / Muzayri', with its neighborhood of Sayh Al Zahra, and the catchment basin and waterways that flow into the Persian Gulf.
Upon meeting the natural barrier formed by the mountain ridge of Jabal al Abyad / Jabal al Bayd 559 m (1,834 ft),[3] right at the place occupied by the Hadf Dam dam and reservoir, the wadi turns east-southeast, crossing the old town and current city of Masfut, which concentrates some of its most representative historical buildings (castle and current museum, watchtowers and mosques).[13]
Still in the Masfut enclave, and before continuing its course towards the confluence with the Wadi Hatta, the Wadi Hadf receives on its right the mouth of its tributaries Wadi Gulfa / Ghalfa, Wadi Al Mestib, Wadi Al Khileban and Wadi Lishan.
In the territory of the Hatta enclave (Dubai), one and a half kilometers before the Al Khattem Dam, where it joins the Wadi Hatta, the Wadi Hadf receives the waters of its last two tributaries: on the right, the Wadi Hattawi, and on the left, the Wadi Laim.[3]
Dams and reservoirs
editLike other regions in the UAE, the Wadi Hadf geographical area has occasionally been affected by unusually heavy rainfall and flooding.[14]
To prevent the risk of flash floods and increase the potential for groundwater recharge, a 11-metre-high dam with a reservoir area of 1.02 km² and a capacity of 3 million cubic metres, officially named Hadf Dam (coordinates: 24°49′38″N, 56°4′34″E), was built in 1991 on the Wadi Hadf river in the emirate of Ajman,[4][15] although some media refer to it as Al Owais Dam.[16][17]
Also in the emirate of Ajman, two other smaller dams were built in 2002, in the wadis Al Mestib and Khileban, both tributaries of the Wadi Hadf: Al Mestib Dam, 10.5 metres high, with a reservoir of 0.0035 km² and a capacity of 0.0175 million cubic meters (coordinates: 24°48′50″N, 56°5′16″E); and the 7-metre-high Al Khileban Dam, with a reservoir of 0.0036 km² and a capacity of 0.0184 million cubic metres (coordinates: 24°48′37″N, 56°5′34″E).[4][15]
A second dam was built in 2004 on the same Wadi Hadf riverbed, officially called the Muzaira'a Dam, 11 metres high, with a reservoir of 0.028 km² and a capacity of 0.0485 million cubic metres (coordinates: 24°49′5″N, 56°2′53″E).[4]
Finally, already in the territory of the Hatta enclave (Dubai), another large dam called Al Ghabra Dam was built, located at the coordinates: 24°47′44″N, 56°6′36″E, shortly after the confluence of the Wadi al Amed / Wadi Amid with the Wadi Hattawi (tributary of the Wadi Hadf).[18][19]
Toponymy
editAlternative names: Wadi Hadaf, Wadi Hadf, Wādī Ḥadaf, Wādī Ḩadaf, Wādī Ḩadf.
The name of Wadi Hadf (spelled Wādī Ḩadf), its tributaries, mountains and nearby towns were recorded in the documentation and maps produced between 1950 and 1960 by the British Arabist, cartographer, military officer and diplomat Julian F. Walker, during the work carried out to establish the borders between the then called Trucial States,[19] and later completed by the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom, on scale maps 1:100,000 published in 1971. [1]
Population
editThe Wadi Hadf area was mainly populated by the Biduwat tribe. [20][21][22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Trucial States, Muscat and Oman: Aswad - Scale 1:100 000 - Published by D Survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (1971) - Edition 3-GSGS - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1796/n/1>
- ^ FO 371/114648 - 1955 Land and sea boundaries of Trucial Sheikhdoms in Persian Gulf - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/114648/n/81>
- ^ a b c d Jāmiʻat al-Imārāt al-ʻArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah. Geoprojects (U.K.) Ltd., The National atlas of the United Arab Emirates, Al Ain : United Arab Emirates University - 1993
- ^ a b c d e f Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations AQUASTAT - FAO's Global Information System on Water and Agriculture
- ^ Mindat.org - Wādī Ḩadaf, United Arab Emirates
- ^ a b c d Tribulus - Volume 9.2 - 1999 - Journal of the Emirates Natural History Group (pp. 26-28)- A Mountain Wadi that Flows to Both the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman - Gary R. Feulner - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 1999 <https://enhg.org/Portals/1/trib/V09N2/TribulusV09N2Searchable.pdf>
- ^ "Um Alnosoor peak = The Mother of Eagles = Jebel Hatta, Dubai - Albedwawi". www.wikiloc.com. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
- ^ Mindat.org - Ḩadaf, Muḩāfaz̧at al Buraymī, Oman
- ^ FO 371/114648 1955 - Land and sea boundaries of Trucial Sheikhdoms in Persian Gulf - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/114648/n/82>
- ^ "The Basement Geographer Scattershot slices of the world - International Condominiums - Hadf (Oman/United Arab Emirates)". web.archive.org. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
- ^ FCO 8/863 1968 - Harbour development and water survey - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/8/863/n/478>
- ^ FO 1016/840 1965 Jan 01 - 1965 Dec 31 - Trucial States: water resources; with hydrological and groundwater survey - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/1016/840/n/188>
- ^ "Visit Ajman - Department of Tourism - Digital map of Masfut". visit-ajman.ae. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
- ^ "Ajman Police rescued residents and multiple vehicles from floods. Police urge residents to take precautions during unstable weather - Aghaddir Ali, Staff Reporter, 2016". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
- ^ a b Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure in UAE - Federal Dams https://admin.bayanat.ae/Home/DatasetInfo?dID=lFWr8jmvtTwdCtQd7uDtLjOq-EB6rfmemu-OtkcDuCo&langKey=en>
- ^ "Citizens of Fujairah and the Eastern Region: Owais Dam expansion revives hundreds of rainfed farms in the emirate - Hamid bin Qaddour Al-Yamahi, 2012|". www.tawyeen.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-09-17.
- ^ "Work on increasing dam's capacity to begin soon - 2012|". www.khaleejtimes.com. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
- ^ Ramsar Information Sheet - Hatta Mountain Reserve - 2019 <https://rsis.ramsar.org/es/ris/2368?language=es>
- ^ a b FCO 18/1978 1958 Sketch map drawn by Julian Walker for boundary delimitation: Wadi Al Qawr and Wadi Hatta - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1978/n/1>
- ^ FO 371/114648 - 1955 Land and sea boundaries of Trucial Sheikhdoms in Persian Gulf - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda. ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/114648/n/130>
- ^ FO 371/132894 1958 Tribes of Trucial States coast - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/132894/n/94
- ^ Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol. II. Geographical and Statistical. J G Lorimer. 1908', British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/L/PS/20/C91/4, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023515714.0x000094>
External links
edit
Media related to Wadi Hadf at Wikimedia Commons