Vietnamese calligraphy

Vietnamese calligraphy (Vietnamese chữ Quốc ngữ: thư pháp Việt Nam, Hán Nôm: 書法越南) relates to the calligraphic traditions of Vietnam. It includes calligraphic works using a variety of scripts, including historical chữ Hán (Chinese characters), Chữ Nôm, and the Latin-based chữ Quốc ngữ. Historically, calligraphers used the former two scripts. However, due to the adoption of the Latin-based chữ Quốc ngữ, modern Vietnamese calligraphy mainly uses Latin script since 1920s.

These Chữ Quốc Ngữ (Latin) syllables arranged into blocks: Tân niên hạnh phúc bình an tiến, xuân nhật vinh hoa phú quý lê. Translation: Wishing for a peaceful happy new year, and spring-days full of rich flowers and precious pears.

Calligraphic fonts from Vietnam

Traditional Vietnamese calligraphy is strongly affected by that of China. Chữ Hán was often used as the written medium of communication, and as a result, Vietnamese calligraphy also used to follow Chinese calligraphy’s standard and used chữ Hán in many of its writings. For example, during the Lý dynasty, its style was similar to China’s Tang dynasty (618-907). During the Trần dynasty, it was influenced strongly by China’s Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1271-1368) dynasties.

Nonetheless, over time, Vietnam developed its own styles of calligraphy historically for writing both Chữ Hán and Chữ Nôm. In the later Lê dynasty, Vietnam developed a unique style of calligraphy called "Nam tự" (lit. 'southern script', 南字,) by Phạm Đình Hổ (範廷琥) in his book Vũ Trung Tùy Bút (Written on Rainy Days - 雨中隨筆). It was first used in bureaucracy only but later became popular for all writing purposes. It was also called "Lệnh Thư" (lit. 'script for decrees' 令書,) in Việt Sử Toát Yếu (Vietnamese History and Compendium - 越史撮要) because of its initial bureaucratic characteristic.

Cursive Vietnamese

In modern times, calligraphy has been done frequently in the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet chữ Quốc ngữ script, as Chữ Nôm and Chữ Hán have largely fallen out of use. Chữ quốc ngữ calligraphy gained popularity during the New Poetry and Free Poetry Movements, due to the increasing popularity of using the Vietnamese vernacular, as well as influence from French literature. Modern Vietnamese calligraphy is influenced by modern Latin cursive but is written using the calligraphy brush, rather than quill or reed pens as is done in Western calligraphy. Vietnamese calligraphy can be used to write poems, festive banners, signage, and so on.

Cursive Vietnamese meaning "Happy new year"

Vietnamese calligraphy artwork

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  Vietnamese calligrapher in the midst of writing. The first word is "Tính" means "to ponder" or "figure out".
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  Vietnamese Chữ Quốc Ngữ written vertically
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  The word "Việt"
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  "Boat People" The picture of the people on the boat spell out : "Thuyền nhân", literally meaning 'Boat People'.
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  The word Tâm, which can mean soul, heart, or mind.
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  Viet Ngu written on a scroll
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  A Vietnamese caligrapher is writing chữ Hán (Chinese characters) and chữ Nôm.
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  A Vietnamese calligrapher is writing 祿 (read as "lộc", means "good fortune") in preparation for Tết at the Temple of Literature, Hanoi

See also

• Chinese calligraphy
• History of writing in Vietnam
• Vietnamese alphabet
• Chữ nôm