Uspantek (Uspanteco, Uspanteko, Uspantec) is a Mayan language of Guatemala, closely related to Kʼicheʼ. It is spoken in the Uspantán and Playa Grande Ixcán[1] municipios, in the Department El Quiché.[1][2][3] It is also one of only three Mayan languages to have developed contrastive tone (the others being Yukatek and one dialect of Tzotzil). It distinguishes between vowels with high tone and vowels with low tone.
| Uspantek | |
|---|---|
| Uspanteco | |
| Native to | Guatemala |
| Region | Quiché (department) |
| Ethnicity | Uspantek |
Native speakers | 5,100 (2019 census)[1] |
Mayan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | usp |
| Glottolog | uspa1245 |
| ELP | Uspanteko |
Phonology
editConsonants
editThere are 24 consonants in Uspantek including the glottal stop.[4][5]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Palatalized | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Plosive | Plain | p | t | k | kʲ | q | ʔ | ||
| Glottalized/Implosive | pˀ~ɓ̥~ɓ | tˀ~ɗ̥ | kˀ~ɠ̊ | kˀʲ | qˀ~ʛ̥ | ||||
| Affricate | Plain | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||
| Glottalized | t͡sˀ | t͡ʃˀ | |||||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | χ | ||||||
| Trill/Flap | r~ɾ | ||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||||
Vowels
editThere are 5 vowels in Uspantek and they contrast in vowel length.[4]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
Tone
editUspantek has two phonemic tones: high and falling (Can Pixabaj 2007:39). In writing, the high tone is represented by an acute accent mark on the vowel (ráqan 'my foot'), and the falling tone is represented by an acute accent mark on the first vowel followed by an unmarked vowel (júun 'one').
The high tone occurs in penultimate syllables when the final syllable contains a short vowel. Additionally, it occurs the following contexts (Can Pixabaj 2007).
- Most possessive forms of inalienable nouns
- Bisyllabic single morphemes, especially those with short /a/ or /i/ in the final syllable
- Intransitive verbs with the suffix -ik
- Most words with three syllables
- Loanwords
The following types of words do not have tone.
- Words with CVʼC structure do not add tone to penultimate syllables when affixes are added.
- Monosyllabic words with long vowels that have no tone do not add tone to penultimate syllables when affixes are added.
The falling tone occurs in long vowels, and in the following contexts (Can Pixabaj 2007).
- Monosyllabic words
- Final syllable of a polysyllabic word
Phonotactics
editThe main types of syllable structures in Uspantek are CVC, CV, and CCVC (Can Pixabaj 2007:50).
References
edit- ^ a b Uspantek at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "XI Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Habitación (Censo 2002) - Pertenencia de grupo étnico". Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ "Comunidad Lingüística Uspanteka". ALMG. Retrieved 2009-06-28. [dead link]
- ^ a b Bennett, Ryan; Harvey, Meg; Henderson, Robert; Méndez López, Tomás Alberto (September 2022). "The phonetics and phonology of Uspanteko (Mayan)". Language and Linguistics Compass. 16 (9). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12467. ISSN 1749-818X.
- ^ Telma Angelina, et al. 2007.
Literature
edit- Can Pixabaj, Telma Angelina, et al. 2007. Gramática uspanteka [Jkemiik yoloj li uspanteko]. Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
- Tuyuc Sucuc, Cecilio. 2001. Vocabulario uspanteko [Cholyool Tzʼunun Kaabʼ]. Guatemala: Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala, Comunidad Lingüística Uspanteka.
- Vicente Méndez, Miguel Angel. 2007. Diccionario bilingüe uspanteko-español [Cholaj tzijbʼal li Uspanteko]. Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
External links
edit
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