User talk:Masonabbie/sandbox

So Madison and I think we selected feather development and the brood patch from the list of article topics you provided because we weren't sure if it went through or which one we wanted for sure A few things we wanted to talk about in our article was the basics of different feathers themselves and what they are used for. After introducing the feathers we plan to break the article down into the evolutionary parts of the feather. Then the steps of development will be broken down by step in more detail like we covered in class.

For the Brood patch, we plan to go into detail about what the brood patch was exactly used for and what advantages it serves the offspring on the bird. Then we were going to dig deeper and see if the patch was present in all species of birds or if it was specialized.

Outline:

- What the brood patch is - How it develops, size, how it works - which species and sex has it - Differences based on species

General Information: https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Brood_Patches.html

How it works, size, sex: https://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/BroodPatch.html http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/content/26/1/11.abstract

Differences: Bald Eagle http://eaglenest.blogs.wm.edu/2011/03/05/incubation-brood-patch/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Masonabbie (talk • contribs) 14:31, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

Start of article

When a bird lays its eggs, they must be heated to help with development of the young. The egg receives metabolic heat from their parents when the parent sits on them. As the “warm-blooded” adult bird transfers heat to the young a potential problem could arise. Losing their own heat can cause them to drop temperature therefore not being able to provide proper heating for the embryos development and themselves. The heat from the parent is transferred through the adult bird’s body surface. Therefore, the more body surface the bird has the more heat it will lose to its eggs. Birds have feathers that provide proper insulation to themselves. A brood patch is a patch of featherless skin that is visible on the underside of birds during the nesting season. This patch of skin is well supplied with blood vessels at the surface making it possible for the birds to transfer heat to their eggs when incubating. In most species, the feathers in the region are shed automatically but ducks and geese may pluck the feathers and use them to line the nest. Placement of the brood patch varies by species. Based on the bird’s species they can either a single brood patch, double brood patch, triple brood patch, or don’t have any at all. In hawks, pigeons, and most songbirds show one brood patch. Shorebirds have a brood patch on each side of their bellies giving them a double brood patch. In gulls and gamebirds three brood patches are present. The birds that show no brood patch at all are Pelicans, boobies, and gannets. The birds that do not have brood patches carry their eggs in their webbed feet and cover them with their abdomen. The heat provided to their young comes from both the abdomen above and the feet below. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Masonabbie (talk • contribs) 17:11, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Rough Draft of Article: Brood Patch

When a bird lays its eggs, they must be heated to help with development of the young. The egg receives metabolic heat from their parents when the parent sits on them. As the “warm-blooded” adult bird transfers heat to the young a potential problem could arise. Losing their own heat can cause them to drop temperature therefore not being able to provide proper heating for the embryos development and themselves. The heat from the parent is transferred through the adult bird’s body surface. Therefore, the more body surface the bird has the more heat it will lose to its eggs. Birds have feathers that provide proper insulation to themselves. A brood patch is a patch of featherless skin that is visible on the underside of birds during the nesting season. This patch of skin is well supplied with blood vessels at the surface making it possible for the birds to transfer heat to their eggs when incubating. In most species, the feathers in the region are shed automatically but ducks and geese may pluck the feathers and use them to line the nest. Placement of the brood patch varies by species. Based on the bird’s species they can either a single brood patch, double brood patch, triple brood patch, or don’t have any at all. In hawks, pigeons, and most songbirds show one brood patch. Shorebirds have a brood patch on each side of their bellies giving them a double brood patch. In gulls and gamebirds three brood patches are present. The birds that show no brood patch at all are Pelicans, boobies, and gannets. The birds that do not have brood patches carry their eggs in their webbed feet and cover them with their abdomen creating insulation. The heat provided to their young comes from both the abdomen above and the feet below (Ehrich, 1988) The hormone oestrogen is responsible for the development of the brood patch. The rate of development of the brood patch is based on the dosage amount oestrogen is employed to the given spot of which the brood patch is. Defeathering to create the brood patch also depends on the amount of oestrogen present along with another hormone. The size of the brood patch varies depending on the affects that the dosage of oestrogen and other hormones present. Oestrogen increases the birds nest-building activity which is an advantage to the development of the brood patch, because the brood patch heats the eggs and the nest houses the eggs it all makes sense as to why each of these things go hand and hand (Hinde, 1963). Both male and female birds can have a brood patch but, generally the brood patch is on the female. The stomach of the bird is covered with mostly down feathers, however; sometimes contour feathers are present as well. The brood patch develops when the down feathers on the stomach become loose and either fall out or the mother bird pulls them out to line the nest for extra insulation. After these feathers come out changes happen to the bird’s stomach as well. Swelling of the stomach happens because the tissues holds more water and the blood vessels that feed the skin of the bird expand. The changes to the adult bird’s skin gets as hot as its own interior body temperature which allows the ability of proper heating that is provided to the eggs. These patches are only developed during the mating season so eggs can properly be heated after they are laid. After the eggs have hatched, the feathers of the region regrow soon after the eggs hatch in the case of precocial birds but may be delayed in those birds having altricial young (Journey North). Depending on the species of the bird their brood patches differ. Specifically, we are going to focus on the Bald Eagle’s brood patch. During the incubation period needed for their eggs both parents of the Bald Eagle develop a brood patch because they are both responsible for incubating their eggs. When watching eagle’s during the nesting season you may see either the male or female adult bird “wiggle” into place once they land on their nest, this is because they are spreading their patch out across their eggs to ensure that all of them are being insulated properly. After the incubation is started eaglets should be seen in approximately one week which is a short amount of time when you think that everything a bird has develops in a week span (Journey North). A bird passes its metabolic heat from their own body to the eggs. Birds have all different kinds of brood patches depending on which species contains the patches. A bird creates a brood patch via the hormone oestrogen. The Bald Eagle is a species of bird that has both parents who incubate the eggs, so both parents create a brood patch. The brood patch is an essential part of bringing bird embryos to baby birds.

Work cited "Feeling Broody: The Tummy Solution." Journey North. Journey North, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. Ehrlich, Paul R. "Brood Patches." Brood Patches. Stanford, 1988. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. R. A. HINDE. E. A. STEEL. HORMONAL CONTROL OF BROOD PATCH AND OVIDUCT DEVELOPMENT IN DOMESTICATED CANARIES. Journal of Endocrinology, 01 Mar. 1963. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

General Information: https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Brood_Patches.html

How it works, size, sex: https://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/BroodPatch.html http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/content/26/1/11.abstract

Differences: Bald Eagle http://eaglenest.blogs.wm.edu/2011/03/05/incubation-brood-patch/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Masonabbie (talk • contribs) 04:31, 10 November 2016 (UTC)