User talk:Erinororke/sandbox

Background

What is Schizophrenia? (Diagnosis)

• http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml
• http://www.amhc.org/1418-dsm-5/article/51960-the-new-dsm-5-schizophrenia-spectrum-and-other-psychotic-disorders

This article has the criteria for schizophrenia based on the DSM-5. I think it overlaps with the previous NCBI article. Jesusgm360 (talk) 05:17, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Biological Component "The risk factors for schizophrenia are most prominently genetic" - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181617/ Erinororke (talk) 05:59, 1 March 2016 (UTC) Prevalence in population: 1%. People with the illness show enlarged cerebral ventricles, decreased volumes of superior temporal gyrus and medial temporal cortex. Reduced prefrontal cortical blood flow. Erinororke (talk) 06:04, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Cognitive and Funtion Component

• Kahn RS, Keefe RE. Schizophrenia Is a Cognitive Illness: Time for a Change in Focus. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1107-1112. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.155.
• McGuire, P. K., and C. D. Frith. "Disordered functional connectivity in schizophrenia." Psychological medicine 26.04 (1996): 663-667.

Lisa uw16 (talk) 01:52, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Dopamine Physiology Literature and review on dopamine neurotransmitter and their effect on schizophrenia at a physiological level.

• Brisch, Ralf, et al. "The role of dopamine in schizophrenia from a neurobiological and evolutionary perspective: old fashioned, but still in vogue." (2014).Jesusgm360 (talk) 05:32, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
• Pogarell, O., et al. "Dopaminergic neurotransmission in patients with schizophrenia in relation to positive and negative symptoms." Pharmacopsychiatry 45 (2012): S36-41 Jesusgm360 (talk) 05:28, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
• da Silva Alves, Fabiana, et al. "The revised dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: evidence from pharmacological MRI studies with atypical antipsychotic medication." Schizophrenia Research 102.1 (2008): 96-97.Jesusgm360 (talk) 05:32, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Genetics Factors that Influence Schizophrenia

• Pearlson and Folley "Schizophrenia, Psychiatric Genetics, and Darwinian Psychiatry: An Evolutionary Framework" Schizophrenia Bulletin 34(4): 722–733. July 2008

Zachsmithuw2016 (talk) 23:19, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

• Harrison, Paul J., and Daniel R. Weinberger. "Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence." Molecular psychiatry 10.1 (2005): 40-68. Jesusgm360 (talk) 05:34, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Older review article that exams the genetic basis of Schizophrenia. Highly cited in web of science.

Environmental Factors that Influence Schizophrenia

• van Os, Jim, Gunter Kenis, and Bart PF Rutten. "The environment and schizophrenia." Nature 468.7321 (2010): 203-212.

Review of the environment and schizophrenia. Good place to look for citationJesusgm360 (talk) 05:41, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Evidence for selection

Schizophrenia is likely a product caused by pleiotropic effect during human evolution. The risk alleles associated with schizophrenia, rs13107325 in the SLC39A8 gene was found to be positively selected for due to selective pressures brought on by a colder environment as humans migrated out into Europe. “significantly stronger signal of positive selection specific to the human lineage for schizophrenia-associated genes than for a control set of neuronal activities genes” (primary source) http://apps.webofknowledge.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=2&SID=3Fl1McaT3G3KBMrweiZ&page=1&doc=5

• Li et al. (2016) "Recent Positive Selection Drives the Expansion of a Schizophrenia Risk Nonsynonymous Variant at SLC39A8 in Europeans" Schizophrenia Bulletin Volume 42. Issue 1 Pages 178-190
• http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evolution-may-favor-schizophrenia-genes/
• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Godfrey_Pearlson/publication/5813389_Schizophrenia_psychiatric_genetics_and_Darwinian_psychiatry_an_evolutionary_framework/links/5416cd630cf2788c4b35e882.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zachsmithuw2016 (talk • contribs) 16:47, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Schizophrenia has a global prevalence of roughly 1 percent, which is higher than what would be expected for a disease that negatively affects fecundity in such a manner. In addition, it has been shown that certain alleles which contribute to susceptibility of schizophrenia have been positively selected for in the course of recent human evolution. It remains to be seen whether schizophrenia has been selected for explicitly or if risk alleles have been selected for in the context of contributing to other beneficial traits that are unrelated to schizophrenia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zachsmithuw2016 (talk • contribs) 17:02, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Zachsmithuw2016 (talk) 22:22, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785269

2007 Crespi et al.

Gene associated with schizophrenia have been positively selected for. Ray uw2016 (talk) 01:04, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Consequence of human brain evolution (selection? or tradeoff?)

(rapid evolution of energy demand by human brain)

mitochondrial dysfunction

• Gonçalves, Vanessa F., Ana C. Andreazza, and James L. Kennedy. "Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: an evolutionary perspective." Human genetics 134.1 (2015): 13-21

impaired glucose metabolism/low metabolic rates

• Jacobsen, Leslie K., et al. "Cerebral glucose metabolism in childhood onset schizophrenia." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 75.3 (1997): 131-144.
• Khaitovich, Philipp, et al. "Metabolic changes in schizophrenia and human brain evolution." Genome Biol 9.8 (2008): R124.

Lisa uw16 (talk) 02:07, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Creativity and Schizophrenia

-outline -Schizophrenia and Creativity relationship Why this could be evolutionary evidence — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ray uw2016 (talk • contribs) 16:56, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

There's been quite a few sources investigating the relationship between more creative personality and psychosis, with schizophrenia being on the far side of that spectrum.

This source attempts to quantify that relationship: http://www.philipcorr.net/uploads/downloads/48.pdf (Burch et al., 2006)

I'm unsure about the evolutionary aspects of this relationship, however. Possibly increased creativity would lead to novel solutions to various problems?

-Ray

• A possible evolutionary aspect is that creativity is shown to be a preferable mate choice? Schizotypy personality correlated with mating success:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560060/ Lisa uw16 (talk) 05:48, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Sources: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201509/mad-genius-schizophrenia-and-creativity — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ray uw2016 (talk • contribs) 16:46, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15246469 Such alleles increase the extent to which high-fitness family members develop impressive courtship abilities and achieve high reproductive success, but also increase the extent to which low-fitness family members develop schizophrenia — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ray uw2016 (talk • contribs) 16:51, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Language and Schizophrenia

Tim Crow pioneered an idea that schizophrenia could've resulted as a difference in the " dimension of lateralization" when language was first being developed in humans. Essentially an evolutionary legacy or "side effect" of having the capacity to develop language.

Article: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10719140 (Crow et al., 2000)

Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Crow#Psychosis_and_schizophrenia

2009 study investigating this idea: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004507 (Angrilli etl al. 2009)

-Ray

Sources

Primary

https://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/6/1294.full

Secondary

https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201201/psychosis-and-the-creative-advantage

Affecting dopamine levels --> creativity, motivation, drive

Deletion of 1q21.1 raised risk of schizophrenia (Stearns book) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lisa uw16 (talk • contribs) 17:09, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

Hi All This is Jesus

My name is Jesus I am in your BIOL469 class and am in your group for the Wikipage. I missed class on Thursday due to graduate school interviews and I was hoping someone could bring me up to speed on whats going on. I managed to join the Wikipedia class and find the Erinororke/sandbox, it looks like you guys are doing really well. I also send someone a request to join the Google Doc as well.

Let me know what I need to do to contribute to the group. I don't know how you all were dividing up assignments but I can help with whatever need to be polished up.

Please let me know and I can get started as soon as possible! I look forward to working with you all!

Best, Jesus Martinez-Gomez

Welcome Jesus Martinez-Gomez

Jesus will be joining this group. Wellcome Jesus!

-Frazer

Rixosa (talk) 20:14, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

Schizophrenia: Existing Wikipedia literature

Social brain hypothesis 

A social brain refers to the higher cognitive and affective systems of the brain, evolving as a result of social selection and serving as the basis for social interaction; it is the basis of the complexity of social interactions of which humans are capable.[1] Mechanisms comprising the social brain include emotional processing, theory of mind, self-referencing, prospection and working memory.[1] Patients display defects in various regions of the social brain, such as an inability to grasp social goals, which serves as an indication of a defect in theory of mind.[2] As schizophrenia is foremost a disorder of the consciousness, it has been suggested that schizophrenia exists as an unwanted byproduct of the evolution of the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions constituting the social brain.[2] Under increasingly selective pressure induced by increasingly complex social living, the regions of the brain have grown as a means of accommodation and in turn have given rise to vulnerable neural systems, allowing for psychoses such as schizophrenia to appear.[2]

Social advantage hypothesis 

This hypothesis refers to the worship of psychics and seers in the times of early civilization; the hallucinatory behavior and delusions brought by schizophrenia may have been highly regaled and allowed the individual to be conferred the title of saint or prophet, raising him on the social spectrum and allowing for social selection to act on the behalf of the disorder.[3] This hypothesis lacks evidence and has not aided in explaining the continued persistence of schizophrenia in modern-day society where this idea of saints and prophets has no role.[3]

Physiological advantage hypothesis 

This hypothesis maintains that schizophrenics possess a physiological advantage in the form of disease or infection resistance, a theory that has found basis in diseases such as sickle-cell anemia.[3] In one particular study, NAD, an energy carrier found in animals and yeast, is found to be capable of diminishing infectivity of tuberculosis when present in large quantities; this is done by repressing gene expression.[4] However, M. tuberculosis bacterium has been shown to be capable of acting as a drain on NAD supply.[4] Studies in kynurenine pathway activation reveal that M. tuberculosis infection of the pathway causes niacin receptors in the pathway to indicate high levels of niacin, a precursor to NAD that makes de novo synthesis of NAD from tryptophan unnecessary. This change creates the illusion that NAD levels are adequate and that tryptophan conversion is unnecessary.[4] Coevolution with M. tuberculosis has resulted in an attempt to overcome this illusion in a variety of manners, including the up-regulation of niacin receptors and up-regulation of de novo synthesis of NAD from tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway.[4] An enzyme implicated in the initiation of the kynurenine pathway, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) is found to activate during niacin-deficient conditions and is also found to be in increased levels in schizophrenic brains.[4] In the postmortem brain tissue of schizophrenics, the protein for the high affinity niacin receptor was significantly decreased and, as a result, would allow for the up-regulation of mRNA transcript for the niacin receptor.

Shamanistic Hypothesis 

This hypothesis purports that schizophrenia is a vestigial behaviour that was once adaptive to hunting and gathering tribes. Psychosis prompts shamans to communicate with the imaginary spirit world, which results in the formation of religious myths. The shamanistic theory posits that the universal presence of shamanism in all hunting and gathering societies is likely due to heritable factors - the same heritable factors that support the worldwide distribution of schizophrenia. One modern version of the theory has invoked the evolutionary mechanism of group selection in order to explain the apparent genetic-based task specialization of shamanism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Klin102 (talk • contribs) 03:39, 1 March 2016 (UTC)