User talk:Care.hail/sandbox

As a class project I will be editing the 'Babbling' page. Below are the following sources I plan to use to make my changes. -Feel free to any questions on my talk page

Care.hail 02:08, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

• Cormier, Kearsy, Mauk, Claude & Repp, Ann. (1998). Manual babbling in deaf and hearing infants: A longitudinal study. Clark, Eve V [Ed]. The proceedings of the twenty-ninth annual child language research forum. Chicago, IL, US: Center for the Study of Language and Information, US; pp. 55-61.

• Ejiri, K. (1999). Influence of lack of auditory feedback on the synchronization between preverbal vocal behaviors and motor actions: Deaf and hearing infants compared. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 47(1), 1-10.

• Ertmer, David J & Iyer, Suneeti Nathani. (2010). Prelinguistic vocalizations in infants and toddlers with hearing loss: Identifying and stimulating auditory- guided speech development. Marshark, Marc [Ed], Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth [Ed]. The Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education, Vol 2. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, US; pp. 360- 375.

• Marshark, Marc [Ed], Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth [Ed]. The Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education, Vol 2. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press, US; pp. 360- 375.

• Gilbert, J. H (1982). Babbling and the deaf child: A commentary on Lenneberg et al. (1965) and Lenneberg (1967). Journal of Child Language, 9, 511-515. doi:10.1017/S0305000900004840

• Meier, Richard P & Willerman, Raquel. (1995). Prelinguistic gesture in deaf and hearing infants. Emmorey, Karen [Ed], Reilly, Judy Snitzer [Ed]. Language, gesture, and space. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, England; pp. 391-409.

• Petitto, Laura A & Marentette, Paula F. (1991). Babbling in the manual mode: Evidence for the ontogeny of language. Science, 251, 1493-1496. doi:10.1126/science.2006424

• Sanford Koester, Lynne, Brooks, Lisa R & Karkowski, Andrea M. (1998). A comparison of the vocal patterns of deaf and hearing mother-infant dyads during face-to-face interactions. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 3, 290-301. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.deafed.a014357

• Petitto, L.A., Holowka, S., Sergio, L. E., & Ostry, D (2001, September 6). Language rhythms in baby hand movements: Hearing babies born to deaf parents babble silently with their hands. Nature, 413, 35.

• Schauwers, K. (2007). Early speech and language development in deaf children with a cochlear implant: A longitudinal investigation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 68(5-A), 1914.

Care.hail 02:08, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

Below are a few of proposed changes (in progress)

Vocal babbling[edit] It has been moderately challenging to study deaf infants in the past because it is uncommon to diagnose hearing disabilities within the first year of a child’s life.check this - neonatal newborn screening is now quite common It is also difficult to locate deaf infants that have had severely impaired hearing since birth, have been diagnosed within the first year of their lives, and do not suffer from any other impairments.[10] Research has been conducted to determine whether or not infants with impaired hearing can demonstrate typical vocal sounds. Infants who are deaf do show signs of vocal babbling, but in minimal amounts. *check claim. Babbling should appear at the same age and in similar forms in hearing and deaf child, however, further continuation of babbling and speech development depends upon the ability for the child to hear themselves. For this reason, deaf children stop babbling vocally earlier than hearing children, and therefore have great difficulty learning to speak. [Citation- Babbling ad the deaf child: Gilbert]. This suggests that early babbling arises from inherent human tendencies to use the vocal articulators in particular ways during early language acquisition. Babbling of any language should appear if the child is exposed to a source of communication, but babbling can be delayed or non-existent for deaf children.[6]

However, contradictory evidence supports that language will not develop fully without auditory experience.[10] Therefore, deaf children are not only significantly delayed in language development in comparison to their speaking counterparts, but they also produce fewer noises.[17] This suggests that experience with auditory audible?speech * is necessary in language development. Some researchers have taken these findings as evidence against the hypothesis that language is an innate human capability.[13]

There are exceptions to these studies on the occasion that infants are not completely impaired of all hearing. Children with varying degrees of hearing loss display different speech signals and babbling. Those with more severe hearing loss have less experience with auditory communication and therefore show worse canonical babbling and language production. Some deaf infants will never reach the canonical stage of babbling, thus never speaking at all. *add more about implants?[17]yes, if you have it, or link to implant material on Wiki, or both

In order for hearing impaired humans to gain auditory experience, a number of solutions have been implemented. Hearing aids can be used to help infants reach babbling stages earlier.[10] Cochlear implants have also been tested. Once the surgical implantation is complete, an infant begins to listen and have experience with language outputs. As soon as language has been heard, they begin to babble and speak in rhythmic patterns just as normal hearing infants do.[13] listen is an odd choice of word, it is perceptual not sensory - do you mean that? you can make a kid have sensory input, but you can't make them listen to it....

Manual babbling[edit]

Although all infants move their hands in imitation to what is modeled in their environment, around 9–12 months deaf infants begin to produce gestures that are distinct from all other hand movements. Typical gestures or are these actions?? for example are raising arms to be lifted up, or reaching for their bottle; these are used referentially with no organization, principal or combinatorial units. (citation - babbling in manual mode) Just as hearing infants babble with their mouths, deaf infants babble with their hands.[15] Deaf children acquire signs for the same concepts that are present in English speaking children,[6] but deaf infants do not reach this stage of babbling until 10 months or later.[10] It is difficult to study manual babbling as often then manual activity can be mistaken as gestures rather than signs. When deaf children are in fact babbling it will most often take place in front of their torso in a designated American Sign Language call the phonetic space. (Citation - Babbing in the manual mode). Children are able to produce manual articulation of words and sounds correctly, which is important since many articulation tendencies of manual babbling transfer to the children’s early sign production and then later into the production of words.[6] In both children who speak or signed, the fundamentals of language such as phonology, syntax, morphemes and semantics are the same. And in fact deaf children manually babbling produce the same set of babbles = given that it is phonological what does that mean for someone who knows nothing about sign? as speaking children (citation - babbling the manual mode)

Interestingly enough, if a hearing infant has deaf parents, they will still imitate the signs that they see their parents displaying. This is evidence that manual and vocal babbling is possible in both hearing and deaf infants.[15] If infants are exposed to sign language, regardless of whether they themselves are deaf or hearing, they will babble with their hands at approximately the same time vocal babbling appears. Sign production appears a few months before word production generally does in hearing children. how is this relevant to babbling?

After it was established that deaf infants could babble through other means than their mouths, the patterns in which productions occurred were studied. Hearing and speaking infants follow identical maturational paths in language acquisition. Both go through a number of stages, and exhibit similar complexity in their babbling sequences. In studies where deaf and hearing children were compared, deaf children produced more multi-movement manual babbling than children with their hearing.[6]

Deaf babbling is now titled manual babbling, and is structurally identical to vocal babbling in its development.[15] The most common sign in manual babbling is where all fingers are extended and spread and it is also related to the first signs an infant will make.[6] There are three main components to manual babbling. The hand gestures contain a restricted set of phonetic units, a syllabic organization and are used without reference or meaning. This is comparable to the important aspects of vocal babblings.[15] should this physical description happen earlier?

I put comments in bold that I thought you might want to consider as you prepare your draft. Feel free to remove as appropriate Paula Marentette (talk) 00:03, 3 February 2016 (UTC)