Urnes Stave Church (Norwegian: Urnes stavkyrkje) is a 12th-century stave church at Ornes, along the Lustrafjorden in the municipality of Luster in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It sits on the eastern side of the fjord, directly across the fjord from the village of Solvorn and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of the village of Hafslo. Stave church in Norway means a wooden building in a three dimensional cubic structure and using the upright wall planks the support the overall structure. The Urnes Stave Church as one of the oldest stave churches, exemplifies one of the most elaborate and technologically advanced types of wooden construction in medieval Northern Europe. The church was built on basilica plan inspired by medieval Christian churches, with cylindrical columns and semi-circular arches inside.The decoration on capitals of the columns and outside of the church embodies the visual evidence of the Viking culture’s transformation, assimilation, and adoption of Christianity. The north portal of the church is defined as the Urnes style, which contains decorations derived from Norwegian mythology dated back to the 12th century.
NowadatsIt has been owned by Fortidsminneforeningen (Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Monuments) since 1881. In 1979, the Urnes Stave Church was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Context edit
Stave church in Norway can be dated back to 10th-11th century. The word “Stave” (or “Stav” in Norwegian) means a sturdy wood columns that are the comer posts and columns which uphold the overall architectural structure. [1] Stave church which therefore can be seen as wooden building in a three dimensional cubic structure covered with wall planks. The frame of the overall structure is constructed with timber balks and the wall planks will used to fitted into the frames where convenient. The Stave Style can be defined as using the upright wall planks. [2]
The church was built around 1130 or shortly thereafter, and still stands in its original location; it is believed to be the oldest of its kind.The church was built around 1130 or shortly thereafter, and still stands in its original location; it is believed to be the oldest of its kind. The 1956 excavation revealed that there are two prior churches built on the same site. The first church was built during the period transition to Christianity with the palisade style, which structural members were embedded into the ground. The second on was built in the latter half of the 11th century. Both of them were small structures with the nave-and-chancel design. In the middle of the 12th century, the second church was torn down; the third church, based on some part of the second one, was vastly different from it. It incorporated a central section of nave which is higher above the rest of the building; the framework contains 16 large staves, and defines nave and surrounding aisles. The roof of the central compartment is 2 meters higher than the roof of aisles. This design was immensely popular in the time and served as inspiration for later stave churches. [1] It provides a link between Christian architecture and the architecture and artforms of the Viking Age with typical animal-ornamentation, the so-called "Urnes style" of animal-art.
Architecture edit
Plan edit
The entirely wooden churches were built on the classic basilica plan. The main inspiration of the plan was the basilica style of cathedrals in European Christian churches, and the inspiration of the framing the roof lined with boards and the roof covered with shingles was a prevalent architectural techniques in Scandinavian countries. The cylindrical columns with cubic capitals and semi-circular arches in the church revealed the draw on the spatial structures of Romanesque stone architecture. [3]
Decoration edit
The decorations on the outside of the Urnes Stave Church, including wood carvings and sculpted decor, serve as visual evidence of the Viking culture’s transformation, assimilation, and adoption of Christianity. Strap-work panels were taken from the previous 11th century Urnes Church and then incorporated into the new structure, keeping elements of Viking tradition alive. The carved decoration of the North Portal, depicting interlaced animals, in this Urnes-style context is one of the last examples of Viking animal ornamentation. The interior of the Church is more richly decorated than the exterior. The structure is partly held up by a series of 12th century wooden columns. At the top of the columns, the capitals are decorated with carvings of human, animal, and vegetal motifs. Some of these capitals contain simple abstracted figures while some contain the traditional interlacing design of the Viking tradition. The Urnes Stave Church is also home to numerous medieval liturgical objects for public worship. [3]
North Portal edit
The portal and other details of the north wall of the present church, as well as the wall planks of the gables, are decorated in classic Urnes-style. They are probably relics from one of the earlier churches. It has been speculated that the portal may originally have been the main portal, facing west. In mythology and religions, the portal is mean to let people enter into God's house. [4] In a Christian sense, the portals are the symbolic embodiment in the mortal world that present the chaos and struggle with evil in mundane life. [5] Here, the struggle between the serpent with the great beast, as shown in the portal at Urnes, represent the onset of Ragnarok. It is possible that the decoration of the earlier church featured some scenes from Norse mythology, a likely reason for its premature reconstruction in the 12th century. In this context, the animal may be interpreted as Níðhöggr eating the roots of Yggdrasil. "The intertwined snakes and dragons represent the end of the world according to the Norse legend of Ragnarök."[6]
In conclusion, the Urnes style doorway with whorls of writhing snakes and vines carved on, usually contains tangle that is in a welter of animal elongation and plant reduction to vines. The most important point of the huge tangle is to present the inter-twined-ness itself of all living things, animal or vegetable. On the right hand side, about one-third of the way from the bottom a serpent is even emitting a fleur-de-lis from its mouth. The visual characteristic is often referred to by art historians as the Urnes style. [2] [4]
Present days edit
Interventions to the church building for religious and practical needs have been carried over the centuries. These interventions, in nowadays, are still clearly visible; they have provided authentic testimony to social life and religious practices in Norway. Now, Urnes Stave Church is one of the most popular tourist site in Norway.[3]
- ^ a b Aune; Ronald; Sleberg, Petter; Sack L; Arne (1983). "The Stave Churches of Norway". Scientific American. 249, no. 2.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Murphy, G. Ronald (2012). "Yggorasil and the Stave Church". Mythlore. 31, no. 1-2.
- ^ a b c "Urnes Stave Church". UNESCO.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Ødeby, Kristine. "Through the Portal: Viking Motifs Incorporated in the Romanesque Style in Telemark, Norway". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 23, no. 1.
- ^ Langley, Maria (2000). "Sacred Wood: A Study of the Norwegian Stave Churches". Thesis for Master's of Art, University of Louisville, 2000.
- ^ Fazio, Michael W.; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2003). A World History of Architecture. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-07-141751-8.