User:Y-S.Ko/Wikipedia course2/Philosophy
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Experience and Reality
- 1.2 The Unavoidability of the Philosophy of Mind
- 1.3 Science and Metaphysics
- 1.4 Metaphysics and Cognitive Science
- 1.5 A Look Ahead
- Suggested Reading
- 2 Cartesian Dualism
- 2.1 Science and Philosophy
- 2.2 Descartes’s Dualism
- 2.3 Substances, Attributes, Modes
- 2.4 The Metaphysics of Cartesian Dualism
- 2.5 Mind–Body Interaction
- 2.6 A Causally Closed Universe
- Suggested Reading
- 3 Descartes’s Legacy
- 3.1 Dualism without Interaction: Parallelism
- 3.2 Occasionalism
- 3.3 Causation and Occasionalism
- 3.4 Idealism
- 3.5 Mind and Meaning
- 3.6 Epiphenomenalism
- Suggested Reading
- 4 Behaviorism
- 4.1 Moving Away from Dualism
- 4.2 Historical and Philosophical Background
- 4.3 Other Minds
- 4.4 The Beetle in the Box
- 4.5 Philosophical Behaviorism
- 4.6 Dispositions
- 4.7 Behavioral Analysis
- 4.8 Sensation
- 4.9 The Legacy of Philosophical Behaviorism
- 4.10 Intrinsic Characteristics
- 4.11 ‘Experimental Methods and Conceptual Confusion’
- 4.12 Psychological Behaviorism
- 4.13 The Demise of Behaviorism
- 4.14 Behavior
- Suggested Reading
- 5 The Identity Theory
- 5.1 From Correlation to Identification
- 5.2 Parsimony
- 5.3 Self-Conscious Thought
- 5.4 Locating Mental Qualities
- 5.5 Substances, Properties, States, and Events
- 5.6 Predicates and Properties
- 5.7 Strict Identity
- 5.8 Leibniz’s Law
- 5.9 The $64 Question
- 5.10 The Phenomenological Fallacy
- 5.11 Epistemological Loose Ends
- 5.12 Taking Stock
- Suggested Reading
- 6 Functionalism
- 6.1 The Rise of Functionalism
- 6.2 The Functionalist Picture
- 6.3 Abstraction as Partial Consideration
- 6.4 Minds as Programs
- 6.5 Functional Explanation
- 6.6 Functionalist Metaphysics
- 6.7 Functionalism and Materialism
- 6.8 Functional Properties
- 6.9 Mental Properties as Functional Properties
- 6.10 Functionalism and Behaviorism
- 6.11 Characterizing Functional States
- 6.12 Functional Systems Generally
- 6.13 Moving Beyond Analogy
- Suggested Reading
- 7 The Representational Theory of Mind
- 7.1 Mental Representation
- 7.2 Semantic Engines
- 7.3 Minds as Semantic Engines
- 7.4 The Turing Test
- 7.5 The Chinese Room
- 7.6 From Syntax to Semantics
- 7.7 Thinking as Computing
- 7.8 Levels of Description
- 7.9 From Taxonomy to Ontology
- 7.10 Layers of Reality
- Suggested Reading
- 8 The Intentional Stance
- 8.1 Minds as Constructs
- 8.2 Taking a Stance
- 8.3 From Intentional Stance to Design Stance
- 8.4 From Design Stance to Physical Stance
- 8.5 The Emerging Picture
- 8.6 Thought and Language
- 8.7 Kinds of Mind
- 8.8 Consciousness
- 8.9 Searle’s Objection
- Suggested Reading
- 9 Eliminativism
- 9.1 From Instrumentalism to Eliminativism
- 9.2 Ontological Commitment
- 9.3 Theories and Theory Reduction
- 9.4 Stich’s Argument
- 9.5 Prospects for Reduction or Elimination
- 9.6 Is Eliminativism Self-Refuting?
- Suggested Reading
- 10 Consciousness
- 10.1 The Status of ‘Raw Feels’
- 10.2 The Mystery of Consciousness
- 10.3 Qualities of Conscious Experiences
- 10.4 Zombies
- 10.5 Biting the Bullet
- 10.6 Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary
- 10.7 Emergence and Panpsychism
- 10.8 Representationalism
- 10.9 Consciousness as Higher-Order Representation
- 10.10 Explaining Consciousness
- Suggested Reading
- 11 Non-Reductive Physicalism
- 11.1 From Substances to Properties
- 11.2 Substance Monism, Property Dualism
- 11.3 Mental Causation: Background Issues
- 11.4 Mental–Physical Supervenience
- 11.5 Causal Relevance
- 11.6 The Causal Relevance of Mental Properties
- 11.7 The Challenge of Causal Relevance
- 11.8 Jettisoning Higher-Level Properties
- 11.9 The Upshot
- Suggested Reading
- 12 Metaphysics and Mind
- 12.1 The Status of Philosophies of Mind
- 12.2 Metaphysical Preliminaries
- 12.3 Substances and Properties
- 12.4 Universals
- 12.5 Properties as Particularized Ways
- 12.6 Powerful Qualities
- 12.7 Manifestations of Dispositions
- 12.8 Causality and Dispositionality
- 12.9 Complex Objects
- 12.10 Emergence
- 12.11 Levels of Being
- 12.12 Predicates and Properties
- 12.13 Properties, Realism, and Anti-Realism
- Suggested Reading
- 13 The Mind’s Place in Nature
- 13.1 Applied Metaphysics
- 13.2 Multiple Realizability
- 13.3 An Alternative Approach
- 13.4 Higher-Level Properties
- 13.5 Causality and Ceteris Paribus Laws
- 13.6 Levels of Reality vs. Levels of Description
- 13.7 Zombies (Again)
- 13.8 Qualities of Conscious Experience
- 13.9 Neutral Monism
- 13.10 ‘Privileged Access’
- 13.11 Imagery and Intentionality
- 13.12 Putting Imagery to Work
- 13.13 Twin-Earth
- 13.14 Intentionality Delivered
- 13.15 Functionalism Adieu
- 13.16 Dénouement
- 13.17 Concluding Note
- Suggested Reading
- Introduction: a sketch of the sources and nature of belief, justification, and knowledge
- Perception, belief, and justification
- Justification as process, as status, and as property
- Knowledge and justification
- Memory, introspection, and self-consciousness
- Reason and rational reflection
- Testimony
- Basic sources of belief, justification, and knowledge
- Three kinds of grounds of belief
- Fallibility and skepticism
- Overview
Sources of justification, knowledge, and truth
edit
- 1 Perception: sensing, believing, and knowing
- The elements and basic kinds of perception
- Seeing and believing
- Perceptual justification and perceptual knowledge
- Notes
- 2 Theories of perception: sense experience,appearances, and reality
- Some commonsense views of perception
- The theory of appearing
- Sense-datum theories of perception
- Adverbial theories of perception
- Adverbial and sense-datum theories of sensory experience
- Phenomenalism
- Perception and the senses
- Notes
- 3 Memory: the preservation and reconstruction ofthe past
- Memory and the past
- The causal basis of memory beliefs
- Theories of memory
- Remembering, recalling, and imaging
- Remembering, imaging, and recognition
- The epistemological centrality of memory
- Notes
- 4 Consciousness: the life of the mind
- Two basic kinds of mental properties
- Introspection and inward vision
- Some theories of introspective consciousness
- Consciousness and privileged access
- Introspective consciousness as a source of justification and knowledge
- Notes
- 5 Reason I: understanding, insight, and intellectualpower
- Self-evident truths of reason
- The classical view of the truths of reason
- The empiricist view of the truths of reason
- Notes
- 6 Reason II: meaning, necessity, and provability
- The conventionalist view of the truths of reason
- Some difficulties and strengths of the classical view
- Reason, experience, and a priori justification
- Notes
- 7 Testimony: the social foundation of knowledge
- The nature of testimony: formal and informal
- The psychology of testimony
- The epistemology of testimony
- The indispensability of testimonial grounds
- Notes
The structure and growth of justification and knowledge
edit
- 8 Inference and the extension of knowledge
- The process, content, and structure of inference
- Inference and the growth of knowledge
- Source conditions and transmission conditions for inferential knowledge and justification
- Memorial preservation of inferential justification and inferential knowledge
- Notes
- 9 The architecture of knowledge
- Inferential chains and the structure of belief
- The epistemic regress problem
- The epistemic regress argument
- Foundationalism and coherentism
- Holistic coherentism
- The nature of coherence
- Coherence and second-order justification
- Moderate foundationalism
- Notes
The nature and scope of justification and knowledge
edit
- 10 The analysis of knowledge: justification, certainty, and reliability
- Knowledge and justified true belief
- Knowledge conceived as the right kind of justified true belief
- Naturalistic accounts of the concept of knowledge
- Problems for reliability theories
- Notes
- 11 Knowledge, justification, and truth: internalism, externalism, and intellectual virtue
- Knowledge and justification
- Internalism and externalism in epistemology
- Internalist and externalist versions of virtue epistemology
- Justification, knowledge, and truth
- The value problem
- Theories of truth
- Concluding proposals
- Notes
- 12 Scientific, moral, and religious knowledge
- Scientific knowledge
- Moral knowledge
- Religious knowledge
- Notes
- 13 Skepticism I: the quest for certainty
- The possibility of pervasive error
- Skepticism generalized
- The egocentric predicament
- Fallibility
- Uncertainty
- Notes
- 14 Skepticism II: the defense of common sense in theface of fallibility
- Negative versus positive defenses of common sense
- Deducibility, evidential transmission, and induction
- The authority of knowledge and the cogency of its grounds
- Refutation and rebuttal
- Prospects for a positive defense of common sense
- The challenge of rational disagreement
- Skepticism and common sense
- Notes
- 15 Conclusion
- Preface
- About the Tenth Edition
- 1. WHAT IS MORALITY?
- 1.1 The Problem of Definition
- 1.2 First Example: Baby Theresa
- 1.3 Second Example: Jodie and Mary
- 1.4 Third Example: Tracy Latimer
- 1.5 Reason and Impartiality
- 1.6 The Minimum Conception of Morality
- Notes on Sources
- 2. THE CHALLENGE OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- 2.1 Different Cultures Have Different Moral Codes
- 2.2 Cultural Relativism
- 2.3 The Cultural Differences Argument
- 2.4 What Follows from Cultural Relativism
- 2.5 Why There Is Less Disagreement Than There Seems to Be
- 2.6 Some Values Are Shared by All Cultures
- 2.7 Judging a Cultural Practice to Be Undesirable
- 2.8 Back to the Five Claims
- 2.9 What We Can Learn from Cultural Relativism
- Notes on Sources
- 3. SUBJECTIVISM IN ETHICS
- 3.1 The Basic Idea of Ethical Subjectivism
- 3.2 The Linguistic Turn
- 3.3 The Rejection of Value
- 3.4 Ethics and Science
- 3.5 Same-Sex Relations
- Notes on Sources
- 4. DOES MORALITY DEPEND ON RELIGION?
- 4.1 The Presumed Connection between Morality and Religion
- 4.2 The Divine Command Theory 52
- 4.3 The Theory of Natural Law
- 4.4 Religion and Particular Moral Issues
- Notes on Sources
- 5. ETHICAL EGOISM
- 5.1 Is There a Duty to Help the Starving?
- 5.2 Psychological Egoism
- 5.3 Three Arguments for Ethical Egoism
- 5.4 Two Arguments against Ethical Egoism
- Notes on Sources
- 6. THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
- 6.1 Hobbes’s Argument
- 6.2 The Prisoner’s Dilemma
- 6.3 Some Advantages of the Social Contract Theory
- 6.4 The Problem of Civil Disobedience
- 6.5 Difficulties for the Theory
- Notes on Sources
- 7. THE UTILITARIAN APPROACH
- 7.1 The Revolution in Ethics
- 7.2 First Example: Euthanasia
- 7.3 Second Example: Marijuana
- 7.4 Third Example: Nonhuman Animals
- Notes on Sources
- 8. THE DEBATE OVER UTILITARIANISM
- 8.1 The Classical Version of the Theory
- 8.2 Is Pleasure All That Matters?
- 8.3 Are Consequences All That Matter?
- 8.4 Should We Be Equally Concerned for Everyone?
- 8.5 The Defense of Utilitarianism
- 8.6 Concluding Thoughts
- Notes on Sources
- 9. ARE THERE ABSOLUTE MORAL RULES?
- 9.1 Harry Truman and Elizabeth Anscombe
- 9.2 The Categorical Imperative
- 9.3 Kant’s Arguments on Lying
- 9.4 Conflicts between Rules
- 9.5 Kant’s Insight
- Notes on Sources
- 10. KANT AND RESPECT FOR PERSONS
- 10.1 Kant’s Core Ideas
- 10.2 Retribution and Utility in the Theory of Punishment
- 10.3 Kant’s Retributivism
- Notes on Sources
- 11. FEMINISM AND THE ETHICS OF CARE
- 11.1 Do Women and Men Think Differently about Ethics?
- 11.2 Implications for Moral Judgment
- 11.3 Implications for Ethical Theory
- Notes on Sources
- 12. VIRTUE ETHICS
- 12.1 The Ethics of Virtue and the Ethics of Right Action
- 12.2 The Virtues
- 12.3 Two Advantages of Virtue Ethics
- 12.4 Virtue and Conduct
- 12.5 The Problem of Incompleteness
- 12.6 Conclusion
- Notes on Sources
- 13. WHAT WOULD A SATISFACTORY MORAL THEORY BE LIKE?
- 13.1 Morality without Hubris
- 13.2 Treating People as They Deserve
- 13.3 A Variety of Motives
- 13.4 Multiple-Strategies Utilitarianism
- 13.5 The Moral Community
- 13.6 Justice and Fairness
- 13.7 Conclusion
- Notes on Sources
- Index
