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User:Watti Renew/Sandbox/Solar

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7) Sandbox/Solar
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Solar heating

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During 2010, the European solar heating yield was 17.3 TWh, annual turnover 2.6 Billion € and employment 33,500 persons (1 job for 80 kW new capacity). Turnover is concentrated in local small and medium businesses.[1]

In June 2009, the European Parliament and Council adopted the Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). For the first time, heating and cooling accounting for half of the final energy demand will be covered by a European directive promoting renewable energies. The overall renewable target is legally binding but renewable mix is free. According to the delivered national plans the highest of solar heating markets during 2010-2020 will be in Italy, Germany, France, Spain and Poland in respect to the national target in 2020 and capacity increase. Top countries per capita will be Cyprus, Greece, Austria, Italy and Belgium.[1]

In some European countries the solar thermal market is still in its infancy. Bulgaria, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, and United Kingdom have extremely low targets in their plans. Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Romania have not included solar thermal in their national plans at all. Total solar thermal capacity in EU was 14 GW in 2006. According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans it will be 102 GW in 2020 and over the next 10 years solar thermal will grow on average at a rate of 15% per annum.[1]

Solar thermal heating in European Union (MWth)[2][3][4]
# Country 2008 2009 2010[5]
1   Germany 7,766 8,896 9,677
2   Greece 2,708 2, 852 2,859
3   Austria 2,268 2,518 2,686
4   Italy 1,124 1,404 1,870
5   Spain 988 1,262 1,475
6   France 1,137 1,371F 1,102
7   Switzerland 416 538 627
8   Cyprus 485 515 501
9   Portugal 223 345 471
10   Poland 256 357 459
11   United Kingdom 270 333 401
12   Denmark 293 331 368
13   Netherlands 254 285 313
14   Belgium 188 204 230
15   Sweden 202 217 227
16   Czech Republic 116 148 216
17   Slovenia 96 112 123
18   Hungary 18 58 105
19   Ireland 52 75 92
20   Slovakia 67 76 85
21   Bulgaria * 22 90 74
22   Romania * 66 80 73
23   Malta* 25 29 32
24   Finland * 18 19 23
25   Luxembourg * 16 19 22
26   Estonia* 1 2 2
27   Lithuania * 3 2 2
28   Latvia * 5 1 1
Total EU27+Sw (MWth) 19,083 22,137 24,114
* = estimation, F = France as a whole


Solar heating in Europe* (MW heat)[6]
# Land Add
2006 		Add
2007 		Add
2008 		Total
2008
1   Germany 1,050 665 1,470 7,766
2   Greece 168 198 209 2,708
3   Austria 205 197 243 2,268
4   Italy 130 172 295 1,124
5   France 154 179 272 1,137
6   Spain 123 183 304 988
7   Cyprus 42 46 48 485
8   Switzerland 36 46 60 416
9   Denmark 18 16 23 293
10   Netherlands 10 14 18 254
11   United Kingdom 38 38 57 270
12   Sweden 20 18 19 202
13   Portugal 14 18 60 223
14   Poland 29 47 91 254
15   Belgium 25 30 64 188
16   Czech Republic 15 18 25 116
17   Slovenia 5 8 11 96
18   Slovakia 6 6 9 67
19   Romania 0 0 6 66
20   Ireland 4 11 31 52
21   Malta 3 4 4 25
22   Bulgaria 2 2 3 22
23   Hungary 1 6 8 18
24   Finland 2 3 3 18
25   Luxembourg 2 2 3 16
26   Latvia 1 1 1 5
27   Lithuania 0 0 1 3
28   Estonia 0 0 0 1
28 EU27 + CH (GW) 2.10 1.93 3.33 19.08
2004-2006
* = The relation between collector area and capacity:
m2 = 0.7 kW heat
Solar heating
per capita 2008 [7]
# Country W/
capita
1   Cyprus 590
2   Austria 333
3   Greece 241
4   Germany 96
5   Malta 62
6   Denmark 55
7   Slovenia 47
8   Netherlands 30
9   Sweden 30
10   Czech Republic 28
11   Portugal 26
12   Spain 23
13   Italy 19
14   France 19
15   Belgium 18
16   Luxembourg 16
17   Ireland 13
18   Slovenia 12
19   Poland 7
20   Bulgaria 6
21   United Kingdom 4
22   Hungary 4
23   Finland 3
24   Romania 3
25   Latvia 2
26   Estonia 1
27   Lithuania 1
EU27 (W/capita) 40
1 m2 = 0.7 kW heat


Solar heating 2005[8]
Country mio m2 GWth
China 79.3 55.5
EU 16.0 11.2
Turkey 8.1 5.7
Japan 7.2 5.0
Israel 4.7 3.3
Brazil 2.3 1.6
United States 2.3 1.6
Australia 1.7 1.2
India 1.5 1.1
World 125* 88*
* = without swimming pools: 23 GWth (2004)


Solar heating in European Union* (kWth)[9][10][11]
Country Total (2009) Total (2008) add 2006 add 2005 add 2004
Germany 8,896,300 7,765,800 1 050 000 665 000 525 000
Greece 2,851,940 2,707,740 168 000 154 350 150 500
Austria 2,517,812 2,268,231 204 868 163 429 127 816
Italy 1,404,361 1 124 361 130 200 88 941 68 417
France 1,371,370 1,136,870 154 000 85 050 36 400
Spain 1,261,516 987,816 122 500 74 760 63 000
Cyprus 514,640 485,240 42 000 35 000 21 000
Poland 356,902 255,973 28 980 19 390 20 230
Portugal 345,338 223,265 14 000 11 200 7 000
UK 332,514 270,144 37 800 19 600 17 500
Denmark 330,946 292,796 17 710 14 875 14 000
Netherlands 285,139 254,339 10 280 14 174 18 410
Sweden 217,362 202,445 19 977 15 835 14 041
Belgium 203,593 188,263 24 945 14 164 10 290
Czech Republic 147,854 115,570 15 421 10 885 8 575
Slovenia 111,510 96,110 4 830 3 360 1 260
Slovakia <100,000 66,675 5 950 5 250 3 850
Romania <100,000 66 010 280 280 280
Ireland <100,000 52,080 3 500 2 450 1 400
Malta <100,000 24,752 3 150 2 800 2 951
Bulgaria <100,000 22,120 1 540 1 400 1 260
Finland <100,000 17,705 2 380 1 668 1 141
Hungary <100,000 17,675 700 700 1 050
Luxembourg <100,000 15,750 1 750 1 330 1 190
Latvia <100,000 5,005 840 700 350
Lithuania <100,000 3,003 420 350 350
Estonia <100,000 1,379 210 175 175
EU27+CH
GWth 		19.08 2.10 1.43 1.14
* = The relation between collector area and capacity: m2 = 0.7 kWthermal

Solar power

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Solar power in the European Union

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PV in Europe (MWpeak)[12][13][14][15]
# Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1   GER 1,910 3,063 3,846 6,019 9,959 17,370
2   ESP 58 118 733 3,421 3,438 3,808
3   ITA 46 58 120 458 1,157 3,478
4   CZE 0 1 4 55 463 1,953
5   FRA 26 33 47 104 335 1,054
6   BEL 2 4 22 71 574 787
7   GRE 5 7 9 19 55 205
8   SVK 0 0 0 0.07 0.2 144
9   POR 3 4 18 68 102 131
10   AUT 24 29 27 32 53 103
11   NED 51 51 53 57 68 97
12   UK 11 14 19 23 30 75
13   SLO 0.2 0.4 1 2 9 36
14   LUX 24 24 24 25 26 27
15   BUL 0.8 1 6 17
16   SWE 4 5 6 8 9 10
17   FIN 4 4 5 6 8 10
18   DEN 3 3 3 3 5 7
19   CYP 0.5 1 1 2 3 6
20   ROM 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 2
21   POL 0.3 0.4 0.6 1 1 2
22   HUN 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 2
23   MLT 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 2 2
24   IRL 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6
25   LTU 0 0 0 0.06 0.07 0.1
26   EST 0 0 0 0.01 0.05 0.08
27   LAT 0 0 0 0.004 0.008 0.008
EU 27 (GWp) 2.17 3.42 4.94 10.38 15.86 29.33
PV per capita 2010[15]
# Country W/capita
1   GER 212.3
2   CZE 185.9
3   ESP 82.8
4   BEL 72.6
5   ITA 57.6
6   LUX 54.3
7   SVK 26.5
8   GRE 18.2
9   SLO 17.8
10   FRA 16.3
11   POR 12.3
12   AUT 12.2
13   CYP 7.8
14   NED 5.8
15   MLT 4.0
16   BUL 2.3
17   FIN 1.8
18   DEN 1.3
19   UK 1.2
20   SWE 1.1
21   HUN 0.2
22   IRL 0.1
23   ROM 0.1
24   EST 0.1
25   POL 0.0
26   LTU 0.0
27   LAT 0.0
EU27 (W/capita) 58.5
PV per capita 2008[13]
# Country W/capita
1   Spain 75
2   Germany 65
3   Luxembourg 50
4   Belgium 6.7
5   Portugal 6.4
6   Italy 5.3
7   Czech Republic 5.2
8   Austria 3.6
9   Netherlands 3.3
10   Cyprus 2.7
11   Greece 1.7
12   France 1.4
13   Finland 1.1
14   Slovenia 1.1
15   Sweden 0.9
16   Denmark 0.6
17   Malta 0.6
18   United Kingdom 0.4
19   Bulgaria 0.2
20   Ireland 0.1
21   Hungary 0
22   Poland 0
23   Romania 0
24   Lithuania 0
25   Estonia 0
26   Slovakia 0
27   Latvia 0
EU27 (W/capita) 19.2


References

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  1. ^ a b c [Solar Thermal Markets in Europe Trends and Market Statistics 2010], European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) June 2011 p. 14-15, Figure Capacity in operation 2010/2020
  2. ^ Solar thermal market in Europe 2010 Trends and Market Statistics, ESTIF 6/2011
  3. ^ Solar thermal market grows strongly in Europe 2009 ESTIF 2010
  4. ^ Solar thermal market grows strongly in Europe 2008 ESTIF 5/2009
  5. ^ Solar thermal energy barometer 2010 EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 197, 5/2010
  6. ^ Solar thermal market grows strongly in Europe Trends and Market Statistics 2008, ESTIF 5/2009
  7. ^ Solar thermal energy barometer 2009 EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 191, 4/2009
  8. ^ 2005: Record year for investments in renewable energy REN21: Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update, 18.7.2006
  9. ^ Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2006 European Solar Thermal Industry Federation ESTIF, June 2007
  10. ^ "Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  11. ^ Solar Thermal Markets in Europe, Trends and market statistics 2009[dead link]
  12. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007
  13. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2009 – EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 190, p. 72-102, 3/2009 Cite error: The named reference "BaroPhoto2009" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv’ER
  15. ^ a b Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER
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