Pathogenesis
There is no known single cause or causes of schizophrenia, however, it is a heritable disorder.
Several environmental factors, including perinatal complications and prenatal maternal infections may contribute the to etiology of schizophrenia.[1] Prenatal rubella or influenza infections are associated with childhood-onset schizophrenia. [2] Severity or frequency of prenatal infections may also contribute to earlier onset of symptoms by means of congenital brain malformations, reduction or impairment of cognitive function, and psychological disorders".[1][2] It is believed that prenatal exposure to rubella modifies the developmental course during childhood, increasing the risk for childhood schizophrenia.[2] Genetic predisposition is an important factor as well; familial mental illness is more frequently reported in childhood-onset schizophrenic patients.
Treatment
Although methods of treatment for childhood schizophrenia are largely understudied, the use of antipsychotic medicine is normally the primary line of treatment in addressing signs in childhood schizophrenia diagnoses. Contemporary practices of schizophrenia treatment are multidisciplinary, recuperation oriented, and consist of medications, with psychosocial interventions that include familial support systems.[3] However, research has shown that atypical antipsychotics may be preferable because they cause less short-term side effects.[4] When weighing treatment options, it is necessary to consider the adverse effects, such as metabolic syndrome[5], of various medications used to treat schizophrenia and the potential implications of these effects on development.
Peer Review Summary
[[User:LexieP1997]] suggested to expand upon the treatment section for this article. I added several treatment modalities that can be utilized along side medications. The first sentence was not cited and was a direct statement from a non reliable source. I restructured this sentence to avoid plagiarism and cited a new source. Regarding other peer reviews, I did not receive actionable feedback for improvements or areas to expand. [[User:Abensss]] suggested to reword "schizophrenia spectrum disorder". I made this change to be more specific to the article by mentioning childhood-onset schizophrenia. Also, I considered some improvements from the talk page and made a few changes that were advised.
Prognosis
Regardless of treatment, children diagnosed with schizophrenia at an early age suffer diminished social skills, such as educational and vocational abilities.[6]
Genetic
Children with schizophrenia have an increase in genetic deletions or duplication mutations[7] and some have a specific mutation called 22q11 deletion syndrome, which accounts for up to 2% of cases.
Signs and Symptoms
Some degree of thought disorder was observed in a test group of children at Bellevue Hospital. They displayed illogicality, tangentiality (a serious disturbance in the associative thought process), and loosening of associations.[8]
add schizophrenia brain image to article
International Classification of Diseases edit
In the International Classification of Diseases 8th revision (ICD-8, 1967) there was a category (295.8) "Other" in the schizophrenia section (295). "Other" includes: atypical forms of schizophrenia, infantile autism, schizophrenia, childhood type, NOS (Not Otherwise Specified), schizophrenia of specified type not classifiable under 295.0–295.7, schizophreniform attack or psychosis.
Unspecified psychoses with origin specific to childhood (code 299.9) in the International Classification of Diseases 9th revision (ICD-9) includes "child psychosis NOS", "schizophrenia, childhood type NOS" and "schizophrenic syndrome of childhood NOS".[9]
"Childhood type schizophrenia" available in the Soviet adopted version of the ICD-9 (code 299.91) and the Russian adopted version of the 10th revision ICD-10 (code F20.8xx3) and the U.S. adopted the 10th revision ICD-10 (code F20.9x6) classified "schizophrenia, unspecified". [11]
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References edit
- ^ a b Nicolson R, Rapoport JL (November 1999). "Childhood-onset schizophrenia: rare but worth studying". Biological Psychiatry. 46 (10). Elsevier BV: 1418–28. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00231-0. PMID 10578456. S2CID 45154449.
- ^ a b c "The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia". Progress in Neurobiology. 93 (1): 23–58. 2011-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.09.003. ISSN 0301-0082.
- ^ Chan, Vivien (April 26, 2017). "Schizophrenia and Psychosis". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 26 (2): 341–366. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.014.
- ^ Kumar, Ajit; Datta, Soumitra S; Wright, Stephen D; Furtado, Vivek A; Russell, Paul S (2013-10-15). "Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009582.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858.
- ^ DE HERT, MARC; SCHREURS, VINCENT; VANCAMPFORT, DAVY; VAN WINKEL, RUUD (February 2009). "Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: a review". World Psychiatry. 8 (1): 15–22. ISSN 1723-8617. PMC 2656262. PMID 19293950.
- ^ Bartlett, Jennifer (January 1, 2014). "Childhood-onset schizophrenia: what do we really know?". Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. 2 (1): 735–747. doi:10.1080/21642850.2014.927738. ISSN 2164-2850. PMC 4345999. PMID 25750815.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Squarcione, Chiaras; Torti, Maria Chiara; Fabio, Fabio Di; Biondi, Massimo (2013-12-04). "22q11 deletion syndrome: a review of the neuropsychiatric features and their neurobiological basis". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. doi:10.2147/ndt.s52188. PMC 3862513. PMID 24353423. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Action and Thought: in-Patient Treatment of Severe Personality Disorders Within A Psychotherapeutic Milieu", Personality Disorder and Serious Offending, CRC Press, pp. 181–189, 2006-03-31, ISBN 978-0-429-25273-0, retrieved 2021-07-02
- ^ Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases injuries and causes of death (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 1977. p. 190.
- ^ "ICD-10. Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (F20—F29)" (in Russian). Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders" (PDF). World Health Organization. p. 83.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
[3]
LIZ:
It would be easier to note your specific contributions if you put them in bold or italics (I would recommend you do this before peer review). I love the topic of your contributions, but I would suggest the following edits:
Several environmental factors, including perinatal complications and prenatal maternal infections may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia.[4] Prenatal infection of rubella and (should this be "and" meaning both infections together or "or") influenza is associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. [5] Severity or frequency of environmental factors may also contribute to earlier onset of symptoms.[4] Genetic predisposition is an important factor as well; familial mental illness is more frequently reported in childhood-onset schizophrenic patients.
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