India edit
In India, wastewater treatment regulations come under three central institutions: "The Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), and the recently formed Ministry of Jal Shakti."[1] The various water and sanitation policies such as the "National Environment Policy 2006" and "National Sanitation Policy 2008" also lay down wastewater treatment regulations. State governments and local municipalities hold responsibility for the disposal of sewage and construction and maintenance of "sewerage infrastructure." Their efforts are supported by schemes offered by the Government of India, such as the National River Conservation Plan, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, National Lake Conservation Plan.[2] Through the Ministry of Environment and Forest, India's government also has set-up incentives that encourage industries to establish "common facilities" to undertake the treatment of wastewater.[2]
Recent initiatives include the 'National Water Policy 2012' that promotes efficient use and water management, recycling and reuse of wastewater, water supply and sanitation, and efficient water pricing. [3]
Libya edit
In Libya, wastewater treatment is managed by the general company for water and wastewater in Libya, which falls within the competence of the Housing and Utilities Government Ministry. There are approximately 200 wastewater treatment plants across the nation, but few plants are functioning. In fact, the 36 larger plants are in the major cities; however, only nine of them are operational, and the rest of them are under repairs. [4]
The largest operating wastewater treatment plants are situated in Sirte, Tripoli, and Misurata, with a design capacity of 21,000, 110,000, and 24,000 m3/day, respectively. Moreover, a majority of the remaining wastewater facilities are small and medium-sized plants with a design capacity of approximately 370 to 6700 m3/day. Therefore, 145,800 m3/day or 11 percent of the wastewater is actually treated, and the remaining others are released into the ocean and artificial lagoons although they are untreated. In fact, nonoperational wastewater treatment plants in Tripoli lead to a spill of over 1,275, 000 cubic meters of unprocessed water into the ocean every day.[4]
Japan edit
In Japan, since 1950s, an advanced domestic wastewater treatment system (tank) called Johkasou was developed. The system treats wastewater as clean as 20 ppm as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). Japan operated for 11 million Japanese people in less populated areas around Japan, as a technique which is cost‐effective and able to be installed in a short time. This system effluents properly disinfected water and protects water environment and ensure rural water resources. This system includes some technologies such as biological contactor ditch process, trickling filter process, anaerobic filter‐contact aeration process, Biofilm filtration tank, and Moving bed biofilm tank. In order to treat Johkasou, it is Required periodical maintenance such as maintenance of biofilm and removal of sludge. Maintenance requires certified technicians or engineers.[5]
Tertiary treatment[edit] edit
Main article: Sewage treatment § Tertiary treatment
Tertiary treatment is a term applied to polishing methods used following a traditional sewage treatment sequence. Tertiary treatment is being increasingly applied in industrialized countries and most common technologies are micro filtration or synthetic membranes. After membrane filtration, the treated wastewater is nearly indistinguishable from waters of natural origin of drinking quality (without its minerals). Nitrates can be removed from wastewater by natural processes in wetlands but also via microbial denitrification.[6] Ozone wastewater treatment is also growing in popularity, and requires the use of an ozone generator, which decontaminates the water as ozone bubbles percolate through the tank. The latest, and very promising treatment technology is the use aerobic granulation.[7]
Global situation edit
At a global level, appropriate wastewater treatment is still lacking in many countries. For this reason, Sustainable Development Goal 6 has a Target 6.3 which is formulated as follows: "By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally." The corresponding Indicator 6.3.1 is the "proportion of wastewater safely treated" (see map on the right for 2018). For example, Algeria, Senegal, Niger, Libya, Uganda, Somalia, and Iraq do not treat domestic wastewater safely yet.[8]
Disposal or reuse edit
Although disposal or reuse occurs after treatment, it must be considered first. Since disposal or reuse are the objectives of wastewater treatment, disposal ,or reuse options are the basis for treatment decisions. Acceptable impurity concentrations may vary with the type of use or location of disposal. Transportation costs often make acceptable impurity concentrations dependent upon the location of disposal, but expensive treatment requirements may encourage the selection of a disposal location on the basis of impurity concentrations. Ocean disposal is subject to international treaty requirements. International treaties may also regulate disposal into rivers crossing international borders. Water bodies entirely within the jurisdiction of a single nation may be subject to regulations of multiple local governments. Acceptable impurity concentrations may vary widely among different jurisdictions for disposal of wastewater to evaporation ponds, infiltration basins, or injection wells.[9]
Reuse of wastewater is essential to reduce water stress in cities, promote consciousness and reduce pollutants into water bodies. Reused water can be used for multiple purposes such as “reclaimed and reused for crop and landscape irrigation, groundwater recharge, or recreational purposes.” There are two ways of wastewater reuse: direct and indirect reuse. Direct reuse entails using treated wastewater as it is, and indirect reused is diluting treated wastewater with another water source before further use.[10]
European Union edit
Member states in the European Union maintain and operate waste-water treatment plants to conform to the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive which sets standards for both treatment and disposal of sewage for communities of more than 200 person equivalents. Each member state is obliged to enact the requirements of the directive through appropriate local legislation. This directive also links to the Bathing Waters Directive and to the environmental standards set in the Water Framework Directive which are designed to protect all legitimate end uses of the receiving environment.[11]
Link edit
Sustainable Development Goal 6
- ^ Schellenberg, Tatjana; Subramanian, Vrishali; Ganeshan, Ganapathy; Tompkins, David; Pradeep, Rohini (2020). "Wastewater Discharge Standards in the Evolving Context of Urban Sustainability–The Case of India". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00030. ISSN 2296-665X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Kaur; Wani; Singh; Lal. "Wastewater production, treatment and use in India" (PDF). ais.unwater.org. Retrieved 20th November 2020.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "NATIONAL WATER POLICY (2012)" (PDF). mowr.gov.in. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Mansour, Omran; Alsadey, Salahaldein (September 2020). "Wastewater Treatment Plants in Libya: Challenges and Future Prospects". International Journal of Environmental Planning and Management.
- ^ Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan. "Japan's Challenge for the Environmental Sanitation".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Hopcroft, Francis (2014). Wastewater Treatment Concepts and Practices. Momentum Press.
- ^ D.G., Rao; R, Senthilkumar; Byrne, John; Shaik, Feroz (2012). Wastewater Treatment : Advanced Processes and Technologies. ProQuest Ebook Central.
- ^ Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) SDG-Tracker.org, website
- ^ Chambers, Phoenix (2019). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Scientific e-Resources. pp. 6–7.
- ^ "Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control". Saving Earth | Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ^ Hansen, Wenke (2003). "EU Water Policy and Challenges for Regional and Local Authorities". Ecologic Institute for International and European Environmental Policy, Berlin – Brussels: 1–17.