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Sexual harassment is a type of harassment technique that relates to a sexual nature and the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors.[1] Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from mild transgressions to sexual abuse or assault.[2] Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace, the home, school, churches, etc. Harassers or victims may be of any gender.[3]
ment of women by men, many laws around the world which prohibit sexual harassment recognize that both men and women may be harassers or victims of sexual harassment. However, most claims of sexual harassment are made by women.
There are many similarities, and also important differences in laws and definitions used around the world.
Africa
editEgypt
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Sexual harassment is rife in Egypt. A 2013 study from the United Nations showed that 99.3% of Egyptian women have suffered some form of sexual harassment. Authorities punish women when they do speak out.[4][5][6] Sexual harassment and violence against women and young girls is increasingly dangerous social and legal problem within Egypt. This prevalent issue has not been addressed extensively in the past, however over the last two decades sexual harassment and violence has become increasingly documented and reported[7].
In recent years the media and multiple women’s rights activists have fought to educate Egyptian society about reporting instances of violence and harassment against women. In 2005 the first official campaign to bring awareness to sexual harassment in the streets of Egypt was launched by the Egyptian Centre for Women’s Rights.[8].
A study conducted in 2008 of about 1,000 women in the Greater Cairo area concluded that 83% of these individuals had experiences sexual harassment. Additionally, in 2013 a similar study was conducted by the UN that revealed that 99% of 2,332 women sampled from Cairo, Alexandria, Isamalia, Gharbia, Dakahleya, Assiut, and Quena reported that they had been sexually harassed.[9] The report conducted by the UN women also concluded that 49.2% of the Egyptian sexual harassment allegations occur on a daily basis.[9]
In 2010 an anonymous service titled HarassMap was launched as a live crowdsourcing-based advocacy, prevention, and response tool that maps incidents of sexual harassment in Egypt. The data collected by HarassMap is used to pinpoint specific locations on a google map where victims of sexual harassment can anonymously report where an incident has occurred. In addition, HarassMap intends to support victims and acts as an anonymous service to reduce to stigma on reporting incidents of sexual harassment.[10]
A 2014 report came to the conclusion that 95% of three hundred women surveyed in Greater Cairo had also experienced sexual harassment.[11]
Despite the majority of these findings victims of sexual harassment and violence go largely unreported and lack any form of legal consequence. [12]
- ^ Paludi, Michele A.; Barickman, Richard B. (1991). "Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment". Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 9780791408308.
- ^ Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus.[page needed] Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-8070-3100-1; Boland, 2002[page needed]
- ^ "Sexual Harassment". U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Egypt: 15-year-old girl detained for stabbing her rapist". Middle East Monitor. July 22, 2019. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ^ "Egyptians Defend Young Girl Who Killed Her Rapist In Face of The Law". Al Bawaba. July 18, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Egypt girl who stabbed her rapist released". Middle East Monitor. November 6, 2019. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ^ Sadek, George (October 2016). "Egypt: Sexual Violence Against Women". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
- ^ Sadler, Neil (2019-03-04). "Myths, masterplots and sexual harassment in Egypt". The Journal of North African Studies. 24 (2): 247–270. doi:10.1080/13629387.2017.1419872. ISSN 1362-9387. S2CID 149314483.
- ^ a b Abdelmonem, Angie; Galán, Susana (2017-02-12). "Action-Oriented Responses to Sexual Harassment in Egypt: The Cases of HarassMap and WenDo". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies. 13 (1): 154–167. doi:10.1215/15525864-3728767. ISSN 1558-9579. S2CID 151390534.
- ^ "Shibboleth Authentication Request". proxyau.wrlc.org. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
- ^ Abdelmonem, Angie; Galán, Susana (2017-02-12). "Action-Oriented Responses to Sexual Harassment in Egypt: The Cases of HarassMap and WenDo". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies. 13 (1): 154–167. doi:10.1215/15525864-3728767. ISSN 1558-9579. S2CID 151390534.
- ^ "Shibboleth Authentication Request". proxyau.wrlc.org. Retrieved 2020-02-20.